Tumor specific oligosaccharide epitopes and use thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention describes oligosaccharide sequences, which are specifically expressed by human tumors. The present invention is related to a method of determining an oligosaccharide sequence, which comprises a tumor specific terminal N-acetylglucosamine residue, in a biological sample, the presence of said sequence in said sample being an indication of the presence of cancer. The present invention provides antigenic substances comprising said oligosaccharide sequences in a polyvalent form and it further provides diagnostic agents, pharmaceutical compositions and cancer vaccines comprising said oligosaccharide sequences or substances binding to said oligosaccharide sequences. The present invention is also related to methods for the treatment of cancer.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to oligosaccharide sequences, which arespecifically expressed by human tumors. The present invention describesmethods for the detection of the tumor specific oligosaccharidestructures disclosed in the invention as well as methods for theproduction of reagents binding to said oligosaccharide sequences. Theinvention is also directed to the use of said oligosaccharide sequencesand reagents binding to them for diagnostics of cancer and malignancies.Furthermore the invention is directed to the use of said oligosaccharidesequences and reagents binding to them for the treatment of tumors,cancers and malignancies.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Various tumors express oligosaccharide sequences which are differentfrom the non-malignant glycosylation of the same cell or tissue type.Examples of the known or speculated cancer associated oligosaccharidestructures include: glycolipid structures such as globo-H(Fucα2Galβ3GalNAcβ3Galα4LacβCer), gangliosides: GM1Galβ3GalNAcβ4(NeuNAcα3)LacβCer or GD2 GalNAcβ4(NeuNAcα8NeuNAcα3)LacβCer;Lewis-type fucosylated structures such as Lewis a and x:Galβ3/4(Fucα4/3)GlcNAc, Lewis y: Fucα2Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAc, sialyl-Lewisx: NeuNAcα3Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAc, and some combinations of these onpolylactosamine chains; O-glycan core structures, such as T-antigenGalβ3GalNAcαSer/Thr-Protein, Tn-antigen GalNAcαSer/Thr-Protein or sialylTn-antigen NeuNAcα6GalNAcαSer/Thr-Protein. Presence of non-humanstructures such as N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid in cancers has also beenindicated. Association and specificity of oligosaccharide structureswith regard to cancers have been well established only in few cases,some of the structures are present in normal cells and tissues and arepossibly only more concentrated in cancers.

One report has indicated that structures with terminalGlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc sequence are present in human leukaemia cells (Hu etal., 1994). The structures may also be equally present on normalleukocytes. Thus, the relation of the finding to glycosylation patternsgenerally present in solid tumors was not indicated. This type ofsaccharide structures may be a part of rare normal glycosylations ofhuman tissues: GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAcβ6 sequence linked on O-glycans isprobably present on human gastric mucin. A study shows that a monoclonalantibody recognizing GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAcβ6 sequence may possiblyrecognize similar structures on malignant tissues, such as mucinousovarian neoplasms, pseudopyloric metaplasia of gallbladder andpancreatic epithelia, gastric differentiated carcinoma of stomach,gallbladder and pancreas, and on non-malignant tissues, such as humanamniotic fluid, but, however, the structures from malignat tissues werenot characterized (Hanisch et al., 1993). The antibody did not recognizeneoglycolipid structure GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4 nor carcinomas oflung, colorectum, endometrium or other organs. Another monoclonalantibody raised against testicular cells probably recognizes branchedN-acetyllactosamines such as GlcNAcβ3(GlcNAcβ6)Galβ4GlcNAc- (Symingtonet al., 1984). Terminal GlcNAc has also been reported from mucins ofhuman foetal mucin (Hounsell et al., 1989). In normal tissues terminalGlcNAc may be present in minor amounts as biosynthetic intermediates inthe biosynthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamines.

Several monoclonal antibodies has been raised against a semisyntheticglycolipid GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAcβ3LacβCer, these antibodies were shown torecognize glycolipids from cultured colon cancer cell lines and tumors(Holmes et al., 1991). However, the antibodies recognized severalstructures and the binding data was contradictory. Moreover theglycolipids were not recognized by all of the antibodies and theglycolipid structures from cancer cells or tumors were notcharacterized. Therefore the presence of terminal GlcNAc structures ontumors were not established. Another study showed production of amonoclonal antibody against GlcNAcβ3LacβCer (Nakamura et al., 1993).This antibody also weakly recognized the pentasaccharide structuredescribed above. Moreover, the antibody recognized a protease sensitiveepitope on COS-1 cells, which cell line is not of human origin. Theimmunization protocols of these studies did not describe inducedantibody responses against polyvalent conjugates of the saccharides, butimmunization by glycolipids.

Normally there are large amounts of antibodies recognizing terminalGlcNAc structures in human serum. There are also a class of naturalantibodies recognizing terminal Galα3Galβ4GlcNAc- structures. The Galaantigen is not naturally present in man and recently it was also shownthat the natural antibodies bind structures such as GalNAcα3Galβ4GlcNAc,GalNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc, and GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc (Teneberg et al., 1996).The X2-structure, GalNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc, is a normal antigen on humantissues and structures GalNAcα3Galβ4GlcNAc and Galα3Galβ4GlcNAc have notbeen described from normal or cancer tissues. Thus, the present findingthat the terminal GlcNAc structure is a tumor antigen indicates that theactual function of the natural antibodies might be the prevention ofcancers having terminal GlcNAc structures. The following patentsdescribe cancer antigens and their use for making antibodies fortherapheutic and diagnostic uses and for cancer vaccines. The antigenstructures are not related to saccharides of the present invention:

Cancer vaccines: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,102,663; 5,660,834; 5,747,048;5,229,289 and 6,083,929.

Therapeutic antibodies: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,851,511; 4,904,596; 5,874,060;6,025,481 and 5,795,961.

Diagnostics: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,725,557; 5,059,520; 5,171,667; 5,173,292;6,090,789; 5,708,163; 5,679,769; 5,543,505; 5,902,725 and 6,203,999.

In the prior art tumor diagnostic and therapheutic antibodiesrecognizing chitobiose-mannose trisaccharides has been described in DE38 07 594 A1. The application also describes other N-glycans withnumerous varying terminal structures some of which may comprise alsonon-reducing terminal N-acetyl glucosamine. Several of the desiredstructures have been characterized as normal glycans and not cancerspecific structures. The application claims to describe structuresuseful for cancer applications. Hwever, it is not clear from theinvention what the structure of the desired glycan is. Formel (I) mayindicate presence of non-reducing terminal GlcNAc, if it isunconventionally read from right to left. However the Formel (1) doesnot indicate the linkage structure of the terminal GlcNAc. The Formel(III) indicates that the GlcNAc residues are α2, α4, or α6-linked. Thepresent invention is not directed to such unusual structures. Thepresent invention is directed to human tumor specific glycans comprisingnon-reducing end terminal B-linked GlcNAc residues.

Patent application WO 00/21552 claims several unusual O-glycanstructures isolated from bovine submaxillary mucin. Two of thestructures such as GlcNAcβ6GalNAcα6GalNAc and GalNAcβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAccomprise terminal GlcNAc-residues. The application did not indicate thatsaid structures would also be related to bovine or human cancers. Thepresent invention is not directed to these structures comprising twoGalNAc-residues. The application contains speculation about potentialtherapheutic use of the structures as antigens related to cancer.However, it has not been shown that the structures are related to bovinecancer when these are present in bovine normal submaxillary secretion.Moreover, it is even less probable that the structures would be presentin human tissues, the glycosylations are species specific and varybetween human and bovine, e.g. bovine and human glycosyltransferase andglycosylation profiles are different. The human genome is also known andthus gylcosyltransferases which could be related to synthesis of theclaimed bovine structures should have been now produced andcharacterized from human. So far none of these has been described inhuman, or human cancer.

Meichenin et al, 2000 shows a murine monoclonal antibody which can bindto some oligosaccharides containing terminal GlcNAcβ and to certainhuman tissue cancer samples. The antibody was produced in mouse usingthe endo-beta-galactosidase treated red cells. However, the article doesnot establish any human specific immunotherapy with a specific antibodyor other carbohydrate specific binding substance binding to animmunogenic carbohydrate. Moreover, the fact that such an antibody withlimited specificity was formed in mouse does not indicate that similarantibody would be formed in human, or it would be tolerable in human, orbe useful in context of individual human tumors of specific kind, sinceimmune reactions to carbohydrates are species specific. Endo et al, 1996describes N-glycan type oligosaccharides from soluble protein alkalinephosphatase of rat hepatoma AH-130 cell line. Again, material of animalorigin is speculated in view of cancer specificity. Therefore, nodiagnostics or therapy of human cancer is disclosed.

Patent application FI20011671 described the general useability ofterminal GlcNAc-structures in tumor therapy. The application describedspecific polylactosamine type oligosaccharide sequences containingterminal GlcNAc linked to Gal especially found from glycolipid. Theapplication indicated that the structures can be part of N-linked glycanor O-linked glycans, and that the tumorspecific oligosaccharidesequences can also be linked to O-glycosidic GalNAc. The application didnot disclose exact structures of the O-linked or N-linked glycans

The present invention describes preferred treatment of cancer when theoligosaccharide sequences have been detected from cancer but not fromnormal tissues. The present invention is directed to the combination ofthe analysis and treatment of a cancer. The present application alsoshow for the first time the useability of the oligosaccharide sequencesof the terminal beta-GlcNAc sequences for cancers of lung, stomach,colon, larynx and mucinous carcinomas, especially mucinous ovariancarcinomas, forming a group of epithelial type and/or mucin secretingcancers. The present invention is further especially directed to humancancer specific protein linked GlcNAcβ-structures. The present inventionis also further especially directed to the specified N-glycans andO-glycans and protein linked GlcNAc. The preferred structures form aspecific family of terminal specifically “protein linkedGlcNAcβ-structures” which are human protein linked defectiveglycosylation present in human cancer. Particularly, the preferredterminal beta-GlcNAc O-glycans and N-glycans form a specific family ofhuman cancer specific “protein linked GlcNAcβ-glycan cores” which areresult of defective galactosylation of cancer or tumor tissue.

The present application further describes human natural antibodies andmore specifically human cancer associated antibodies specificallyrecognizing preferred human terminal beta-linked GlcNAc structures. Thepresent invention also describes an enzyme based targeting of the cancerantigens by transferring a modified monosaccharide derivative on cancercells. The presence of the human natural cancer associated antibodiesshows that it is possible to use the structures as targets for cancertherapy in human in vivo. The invention is specifically further directedto antibody and other cancer targeting therapies and therapeutic immunereactions such as cancer vaccination and reagents useful for thesedirected to the preferred specifically protein linkedGlcNAcβ-structures. The present invention is specifically furtherdirected to antibody and other cancer targeting therapies andtherapeutic immune reactions such as cancer vaccination and reagentsuseful for these directed to human cancer specific protein linkedGlcNAcβ-glycan cores.

Current therapies for cancer and numerous infectious diseases are noteffective enough. Cancers are major cause of deaths in industrializedcountries and devastating infectious diseases kill children and adultsespecially in developing countries. Infections are probably behindnumerous life-style and other diseases of the industrialized world, likegastric ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori.

Previous in vitro studies have described the transfer of sialyl-Lewisx-oligosaccharides on surface of a cultured cell type. The cells wereused to study the binding of human selectins to the sialyl- Lewis xoligosaccharides. Similarily, a blood group B-antigen has beentransferred to human erythrocytes, and it was shown to be recognized byanti-blood group B antibodies. Because of the unnatural structure of theGDP-Fuc(-B-antigen), the authors stated that the structure wasunsuitable for in vivo use. According to present invention, it ispossible to use the unnatural structures as modified monosaccharides totarget microbial pathogens, viruses, tumors or cancers.

A galactosyltransferase has been used to label humanendo-beta-galactosidase modified erythrocytes (Viitala and Finne, 1984)and mouse teratocarcinoma cells (Spillmann and Finne, 1994) under invitro conditions. Cell surface galactosyltransferases has been alsostudied in connection of various biological conditions. These studies donot describe diagnostics or therapy for any disease. The carbohydratestransferred are not monosaccharide conjugates according to theinvention. The old studies utilized radioactively labeled UDP-Gal, thechemical structure of the Gal-residue is not changed but it containsatoms enriched with ¹⁴C or ³H.

A fluorecently labelled muramic acid has been transferred on bacteriaand the method was speculated to be used to study vaccination againstthe compound transferred or for interaction studies between bacteria,the transfer reaction was not specific for a type of a bacterium. Themethod was aimed to be used in vitro and the cells had to bepermeabilized to achieve very weak reactions by the peptidoglycanprecursor molecules (Sadamoto, R. et al 2001). In contrast the transferreactions described by the present invention for bacteria are targetedto transfer of the carbohydrates directly to the cell surface.Preferentially the present invention is directed to in vivo use in thepatient, which can be a human patient. Preferentially the invention isdirected to use of transferring enzymes from the patients serum ortransferring enzyme on the very surface of the pathogenic entity. As aseparate embodiment the present invention is directed to direct cellsurface vaccination against the pathogenic entity when a carbohydrateepitope is transferred.

Moreover the previous technology describes in vitro transfer of Gal onacceptors of a cancer cell by α1-3galactosyltransferase. Themonosaccharide to be transferred is not modified nor aimed for blockingof a pathogenesis-inducing carbohydrate receptor. The invention does notdescribe transfer of immunologically active or toxic monosaccharideconjugates, but the terminal structure formed is reactive to antiGalα1-3Gal-antibodies. The epitope was aimed for increasingimmununoreactivity of cancer cells to be injected as cancer vaccine.

Previous art also described transfer of 6-biotinylated Gal to GlcNAc-BSAor hen egg white ovalbumin or transfer of fluoresceinyl-NeuNAc toglycoproteins of golgi apparathus. The studies did not describe thetherapy or diagnostics according to the invention (Bulter T. et al.2001).

Various cell types express oligosaccharide sequences which are differentfrom the non-malignant glycosylation of the same cell or tissue type.Association and specificity of oligosaccharide structures with regard tocancers have been well established only in few cases, some of thestructures are present in normal cells and tissues and are possibly onlymore concentrated in cancers. The present patent application alsodescribes terminal N-acetylglucosamine containing tumor specificoligosaccharide sequences. Priority of the recognition of the tumorspecific oligosaccharide sequences by glycosyltransferases is claimedfrom the patent application.

Normally there are large amounts of antibodies recogniting terminalGlcNAc structures in human serum. Thus, the previous finding that theterminal GlcNAc structure is a tumor antigen indicates that the actualfunction of the natural antibodies might be the prevention of cancershaving terminal GlcNAc structures.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention describes oligosaccharide sequences, which arespecifically expressed by human tumors. The present invention is relatedto a pharmaceutical composition comprising a substance binding to ahuman tumor specific oligosaccharide sequence containing a terminalbeta-linked N-acetylglucosamine residue, GlcNAcβ, for the treatment ofhuman cancer. The present invention is also related to a method ofdetermining an oligosaccharide sequence, which comprises a human tumorspecific terminal beta-linked N-acetylglucosamine residue, in abiological sample, the presence of said sequence in said sample being anindication of the presence of cancer. The present invention alsoprovides antigenic substances comprising said oligosaccharide sequencesin a polyvalent form and it further provides diagnostic agents,pharmaceutical compositions and cancer vaccines comprising saidoligosaccharide sequences or substances binding to said oligosaccharidesequences. The present invention is also related to methods for thetreatment of cancer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. An autoradiogram of a thin-layer assay after overlayering andbinding of GlcNAcβ-specific E. coli bacterium demonstrating the tumorspecificity of the oligosaccharide sequences containing terminal GlcNAcresidue: non-acidic glycosphingolipids from hypemephroma tumor (firstlane) and corresponding glycosphingolipid fraction from normal kidney(second lane).

FIG. 2. Thin-layer overlay assays A) using [³⁵S]-labelled,GlcNAcβ-specific E. coli and B) [¹²⁵′-labelled Galβ4GlcNAcβ-specificlectin from Erythrina cristagalli. Lanes 1-8: Subfractions of non-acidglycosphingolipids from human hypernephroma. Lane 9: Referenceglycosphingolipid GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glcβ1Cer. Lane 10: Referenceglycosphingolipid globoside GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer.

FIG. 3A. Positive ion reflector mode MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of lungadenocarcinoma sample neutral glycans.

FIG. 3B. Positive ion reflector mode MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of healthylung sample neutral glycans.

FIG. 3C. Positive ion reflector mode MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of lungadenocarcinoma sample neutral glycans after S. pneumoniaeβ-N-acetylglucosaminidase digestion.

FIG. 3D. Positive ion reflector mode MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of lungadenocarcinoma neutral glycans after S. pneumoniaeβ-N-acetylglucosaminidase and jack bean α-mannosidase digestions.

FIG. 4A. Negative ion linear mode MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of purifiednucleotide sugars after UDP-galactosamine synthesis reaction.

FIG. 4B. Negative ion linear mode MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of purifiednucleotide sugars after the UDP-GalN-biotin synthesis reaction.

FIG. 5. Structure of UDP-GalN-biotin, uridine5′-diphospho-N-(6-biotinamidohexanoyl)galactosamine.

FIG. 6. Autoradiography of [¹⁴C]Gal labelled lung adenocarcinoma (a.)and healthy lung tissue (b.) sections.

FIG. 7A. [¹⁴C]Gal labelled oligosaccharides from N-glycosidase Fdigested lung adenocarcinoma sample. Glycans were subjected to gelfiltration HPLC with a Superdex Peptide HR 10/30 column (Pharmacia,Sweden) in 50 mM NH₄HCO₃ (pH about 8.3) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. 1 mlfractions were collected and counted for radioactivity. Fractions at12-15 min were pooled.

FIG. 7B. [¹⁴C]Gal labelled oligosaccharides from N-glycosidase Fdigested lung adenocarcinoma sample. The 12-15 min pool from SuperdexPeptide gel filtration HPLC (FIG. 10A) was subjected to HPLC with a4.6×250 mm Hypercarb 5u column (Thermo Hypersil, USA) in 10 mM NH₃ at aflow rate of 0.7 ml/min, with a linear gradient of 0% to 40%acetonitrile in the mobile phase in 100 minutes. 0.7 ml fractions werecollected and counted for radioactivity.

FIG. 7C. [¹⁴C]Gal labelled material released by nonreductiveβ-elimination from lung adenocarcinoma sample. The material wassubjected to gel filtration HPLC with a Superdex Peptide HR 10/30 column(Pharmacia, Sweden) in 50 mM NH₄HCO₃ at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. 1 mlfractions were collected and counted for radioactivity. Fractions at8-15 nin (pool 1) were pooled as well as at 15-18 min (pool 2).

FIG. 8. Coomassie Blue stained reducing SDS-PAGE gels. Arrowheadsindicate the positions of IgG heavy and light chains, respectively. (A.)Serum from a person who had recovered from mucinous ovarianadenocarcinorna, GlcNAcβl-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAcα Sepharose; left: 0.5 MGlcNAc elution, right: acidic elution. (B.) IgG from pooled human sera,GlcNAc(31-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAcα Sepharose; left: 0.5 M GlcNAc elution,right: acidic elution. (C.) Silver stained gel. Serum from a person whohad recovered from mucinous ovarian adenocarcinoma,Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAcα Sepharose; left: 0.5 M GlcNAc elution,right: acidic elution.

FIG. 9. The chemical structure of UDP-GalN-PEG-fluorescein reagent.

FIG. 10. Fluorescence microscopy of GalN-PEG-fluorescein labeled tumortissue sections. A. Control reaction without the enzyme at 460-490 nm.B. Control reaction without the enzyme at 530-550 mL C. Reaction withthe enzyme at 460-490 um. D. Reaction with the enzyme at 530-550 run. E.Reaction with the enzyme at 460-490 run. F. Reaction with the enzyme at530-550 nm.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to terminal P-linkedN-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharide chain structures and protein linkedmonosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine which are presented by human tumors.The present invention realizes specific defects in human tumors, whichleads to cell surface and extracellular presentation of unsualcarbohydrates comprising terminal N-acetylglucosamines. In general theterminal GlcNAc-structures are very rare in human normal tissues. Theexpression of the structures are caused by two factors. For the firstthe biosynthesis and degradation machinery in the tumor cells does notwork properly. Many terminal structures in normal tissues comprisegalactose on GlcNAc-residues, these structures are capped by sialicacids, blood group antigens and the like. The present data indicatesthat the cancer or tumor carbohydrates are exposed to unusualglycosidase activities and the defective glycosylation reactions by β4-and possibly also by β3-galactosyltransferases. Defects were observablein all 3 types of β-galactosylated oligosaccharide sequences. Secondly,the intracellular targeting and quality control of glycosylationincluding glycoprotein and glycolipid structures seem to be defective.In normal cells the glycosylation is under quality control whichrecirculates underglycosylated proteins and glycolipids to complete thenatural glycosylation, so that in normal cells the amount of thestructures disclosed in the invention are very rare on cell surfaces. Innormal cells or tissues the oligosaccharide structures described by theinvention are present in low amounts in human golgi apprathus, the knownprotein linked GlcNAc is considered to be almost exclusively acytoplasmic nuclear protein modification. The defects in organization ofthe golgi apparathus leads to partial cell surface expression of thetumor specific structures described by the present invention. Evenintracellularily overexpressed structures according to the presentinvention are directly useful for diagnostic applications.

The defects in galactosylation and presence of unusual glycosidaseactivities and loss of intracellular quality control lead to three typesof tumor associated glycosylations:

-   -   1. incomplete, undergalactosylated protein linked N-glycan and        incomplete, undergalactosylated    -   2. O-glycan core structures,    -   3. moreover polylactosamines are also undergalactosylated as        exemplified by poly-N-acetyllactosamine type glycolipid from        human hypemephroma.

These defects lead to several unusual terminal epitopes onglycoproteins. The present invention is directed to the three groups ofoligosaccharide epitopes. The current invention notices for the firsttime similar general defect on all three types of glycan chains carryingnormally β-galactosylated oligosaccharide sequences. Terminal β-linkedGlcNAc is present as terminal structure. The structures indicate defectsin enzymatic steps directly modifying the terminal GlcNAc-residuesincluding β1,4(3)-Gal-transferase reactions and on the other handincreased glycosidase activities in the Golgi-pathway which coulddegradate terminal structures. However, the generality of the defect in3 types of carbohydrates would indicate that organization of the golgiapparathus is so disturbed that terminally modifying enzymes located inlate golgi cannot effectively modify all glycans expressed by tumorcells.

Furthermore present invention is directed to

-   -   4. missdirected expression of protein linked N-acetylglucosamine        monosaccharide on cancers and tumors.

The protein linked N-acetylglucosamine is in general present in socalled O-GlcNAc-structures intracellularily. The present inventionnotices strong overexpression of the protein linked N-acetylglucosamine.The overexpression leads to even some cell surface associated labelingof the O-linked GlcNAc on human tumors.

Though the terminal β-linked GlcNAc is common to the all three groups1-3 above, it is realized that the subterminal structures have effect onthe structures which should be recognized in diagnostic or theraphy oftumors or cancers. The present invention is specifically directed totherapheutic and diagnostic uses of terminal oligosaccharide sequencescomprising the terminal GlcNAc and one to several neighboringmonosaccharide residues in the three defective oligosaccharide sequencegroups. The present invention is directed to the oligosaccharidesequences comprising nonreducing end terminal β-GlcNAc oligosaccharidesequences on polylactosamines, or O-glycans or N-glycans. The inventionis directed to all of the defective glycosylation types when an analysisof normal glycosylation and potential general glycosylation defect isused together. The invention is further directed to the use ofcombinations of at least two of the four terminal GlcNAc typestructures, especially the use of the polylactosamine type terminalGlcNAc-sequence in combination with the other terminal GlcNAc-structuresas diagnostical targets.

General Galactosylation Defect and Specific Protein GalactosylationDefect

The present-invention discovered that the defect of the glycosylationmay be general and affect at least two classes of the four defectiveclasses of terminal GlcNAcβ-glycosylations disclosed in the invention:O-glycans, N-glycans, polylactosamines and protein linked GlcNAc. In aspecific embodiment the general defect of galactosylation affects bothspecific protein linked glycosylations and glycolipid linkedglycosylations, especially polylactosamine type terminalGlcNAc-structures of glycolipids. The present invention is specificallydirected to detecting presence of general galactosylation defect from acancer sample and/or from normal tissue sample of a person. The presentinvention is directed to the analysis of the general glycosylationdefect producing the multiple types of terminal GlcNAc structures. Thedefect may be analyzed by an analysis of the carbohydrate samples asdescribed by the invention. The galactosylation defect may be analyzedalso by, for example, genetic or biochemical or cell biological means byanalyzing production and/or activity and/or localization of enzymes orother proteins or biochemical mediators capable of producing the generalglycosylation defect. The invention is directed to detecting generalglycosylation defect when the intracellular structures involving glycanbiosynthesis and/or degradation are defective. The present invention isespecially directed to the analysis of the general glycosylation defectby genetic and/or biochemical and/or cell biological means when themethod is verified with the analysis of carbohydrate structures,preferably the carbohydrate structures are analyzed by mass spectrometryand/or with known chemical and/or enzymatic methods and/or by substancesaccording to the invention specifically binding and/or modifying theterminal GlcNAcβ-structures disclosed in the invention.

The analysis of the general glycosylation defect in cancer sample and/ornormal tissues of patient is preferably used for selecting patients fortreatment of cancer disclosed in the invention. The analysis of thegeneral glycosylation defect in normal tissue(s) is according to theinvention directed to be also used for predicting susceptibility or riskfor a person for getting cancer and/or selecting persons for additionalscreening for cancer. The individual analysis of the normal tissueglycosylations and/or the general galactosylation defect disclosed inthe invention is preferable as the normal glycosylation was noticed tovary in some cancer patients as described in the examples. In apreferred embodiment the invention is directed to the prediction of ahigh risk for cancer, especially for a person with “cancer type”terminal GlcNAc structures present in high amounts in normal tissue.

The present invention is especially directed to therapies targetingstructures from at least two classes of defective glycosylations, i.e.terminal GlcNAcβ-glycosylations disclosed in the invention: O-glycans,N-glycans, polylactosamines and protein linked GlcNAc. In a preferredembodiment at least three classes or all four terminal GlcNAc-typestructures are targeted. The invention is specifically directed to thetargetting of the polylactosamine type structures together with the anyother of the terminal GlcNAcβ-structures. In a preferred embodiment thepolylactosamine type structures are targetted together with the proteinspecific N-glycan structures.

Specific Glycosylation Defect, Especially Protein Glycosylation Defect

The present invention further discloses a glycosylation defect whereinthe intracellular structures involving glycan biosynthesis and/ordegradation are defective. When a specific class of terminalGlcNAcβ-structures is defective, the specific glycosylation defect maybe detected by analyzing alteration in activity and/or localization ofspecific enzymes synthesizing or degradating glycan structures to createterminal GlcNAc-structures. The present invention is especially directedto the analysis of the specific glycosylation defect by genetic and/orbiochemical and/or cell biological means when the method is verifiedwith the analysis of carbohydrate structures disclosed in the invention,preferably the carbohydrate structures are analyzed by mass spectrometryand/or with known chemical and/or enzymatic methods and/or by substancesdisclosed in the invention specifically binding and/or modifying theterminal GlcNAcβ-structures disclosed in the invention.

Tumor and Cancer Specific Defective Terminal Protein LinkedGlcNAcβ-Structures

The present invention is especially directed to human cancer specificprotein linked GlcNAcβ-structures. The data of the present applicationshows that protein fractions isolated from certain tumors express manyterminal GlcNAc-structures on N-glycan and O-glycan type, especially“specifically protein linked GlcNAcβ-structures”, which means that theGlcNAc-structures are present in core structures of N-glycans orO-glycans and not elongated as lactosamine structures. For example theexperiment about the protein fraction from the same hypernephroma tumorpreviously shown to contain glycolipid linked GlcNAcβGal-structures, wasnow shown to express much of the specifically protein linkedGlcNAcβ-structures such as N-glycan with terminal GlcNAcβ2Man-terminals.The present invention is thus especially directed to the specifiedN-glycans and O-glycans and protein linked GlcNAc structures as“specifically protein linked GlcNAc structures”. The preferredstructures form a specific family of terminal protein linkedGlcNAcβ-structures which are human protein linked defectiveglycosylations present in human cancer. The present invention furtherdisclose specific preferred N-glycan structures and O-glycan structures.The preferred terminal beta-GlcNAc O-glycans and N-glycans form aspecific family of human cancer specific “protein linked GlcNAcβ-glycancores” which are result of defective galactosylation of cancer or tumortissue.

The present application further describes human natural antibodies andmore specifically human cancer associated antibodies specificallyrecognizing preferred human terminal beta-linked GlcNAc structures. Theapplication also describes an enzyme based targeting of the cancerantigens by transferring a modified monosaccharide derivative on cancercells. The presence of the human natural cancer associated antibodiesshows that it is possible to use the structures as targets for cancertherapy in human in vivo. The invention is specifically further directedto antibody and other cancer targeting therapies and therapeutic immunereactions such as cancer vaccination and reagents useful for thesedirected to the preferred specifically protein linkedGlcNAcβ-structures. The present invention is specifically furtherdirected to an antibody and other cancer targeting therapies andtherapeutic immune reactions such as cancer vaccination and reagentsuseful for these directed to human cancer specific protein linkedGlcNAcβ-glycan cores.

1 Incomplete, Undergalactosylated or Degraded N-Linked Glycans.

The N-glycans described here belong to specifically protein linkedGlcNAcβ-structures and protein linked GlcNAcβ-glycan cores disclosed inthe invention. The structures include the natural N-glycans and terminalstructure containing fragments thereof useful as for immunization or asa binding epitope for targeting substances. All structures containspecific GlcNAcβ2Man-structure.

The inventors have characterized by mass spectrometry several N-glycanstructures comprising terminal GlcNAc residues from tumors such aslarynx, stomach, colon and lung tumors. The present invention shows thatthe overexpression of the N-glycans on tumors is common. The novelN-glycan type tumor antigens were also detected specifically by novelglycosyltransferase methods from tissue sections of tumors but not or inlower amounts in corresponding normal or non-malignant tissues.

The present invention is directed to N-glycan structureGlcNAcβ2Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4(Fucα6)GlcNAcβAsn andoligosaccharide substructures thereof carrying non-reducing end proteinor peptide linked terminal GlcNAc. Asn indicates asparagine amino acidsdirectly linked to the protein in the natural antigen. The naturalprotein linked oligosaccharide should contain the reducing endGlcNAcβAsn-structure and at least one of the branches carrying theterminal GlcNAcβ2Man. When the N-glycan structure is used for makingantigenic epitopes, the present invention is directed to at least one ofnatural oligosaccharide sequence structures and structures truncatedfrom the reducing end of the N-glycan according to the following Formula[GNβ2Man]_(ri)α3([GNβ2Man]_(r2)α6){Man[β4GN[β4(Fucα6)_(r3)GN]_(r4)]_(r5)}_(r6)wherein

-   r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, and r6 are either 0 or 1,-   with the proviso that at least r1 is 1 or r2 is 1.

GN is GlcNAc, with the proviso that when both r1 and r2 are 1, oneGNβMan can be further elongated by one or several other monosaccharideresidues such as galactose, and/or one GNβ2Man can be truncated to Man,and/or Manα6-residue and or Manα3 residues can be further substituted byGNβ6 or GNβ4, and/or Manβ4 can be further substituted by GNβ4.

The structures represent truncated forms of known N-linked glycanstructures on human N-glycans. Such structures are rare on normaltissues and thus the structures are suitable for immunodiagnostics.

A group of more preferred structures are represented by formula:[GNβ2Man]_(r1)α3([GNβ2Man]_(r2)α6){Man[β4GN]_(r5)}_(r6)wherein

-   r1, r2, r5, and r6 are either 0 or 1,-   with the proviso that at least r1 is 1 or r2 is 1.

GN is GlcNAc, with the proviso that when both r1 and r2 are 1, oneGNβMan can be further elongated by one or several other monosaccharideresidues such as galactose, and/or one GNβ2Man can be truncated to Man,and/or Manα6-residue and/or Manα3 residues can be further substituted byGNβ6 or GNβ4, and/or Manβ4 can be further substituted by GNβ4.

In a more preferred embodiment GN is GlcNAc, with the proviso that whenboth r1 and r2 are 1, one GNβMan can be further elongated by one orseveral other monosaccharide residues such as galactose, and/or oneGNβ2Man can be truncated to Man, and/or Manα6-residue,

and most preferably GN is GlcNAc.

The preferred non-elongated structures include:

-   GlcNAcβ2Man, GlcNAcβ2Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Man,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα3 (GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAc,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manα4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4(Fucα6)GlcNAc,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα3(Manα6)Man, GlcNAc(32Manα3(Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAc,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα3(Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα3 (Manβ6)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4(Fucα6)GlcNAc,-   Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Man, Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAc,-   Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAcβGlcNAc,-   Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4(Fucα6)GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ2Manα3Man,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα3Manβ4GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ2Manα3Manα4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα3Manβ4GlcNAcβ4(Fucα6)GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ2Manα6Man,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα6Manβ4GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ2Manα6Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα6Manβ4GlcNAcβ4(Fucα6)GlcNAc.

More preferred N-glycan oligosaccharide sequences include:

-   GlcNAcβ2Man, GlcNAcβ2Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Man,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ2Manα3(Manα6)Man,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα3(Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAc, Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Man,-   Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ2Manα3Man,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα3Manβ4GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ2Manα6Man,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα6Manβ4GlcNAc.

And most preferred N-glycan oligosaccharide sequences include:

-   GlcNAcβ2Man, GlcNAcβ2Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Man,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Man4GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ2Manα3(Manα6)Man,-   GlcNAcβ2Manα3(Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAc, Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Man,-   Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAc.    2. Incomplete, Undergalactosylated or Degraded O-Linked Glycans.

The O-glycans described here belong to specifically protein linkedGlcNAcβ-structures and protein linked GlcNAcβ-glycan cores disclosed inthe invention. The structures include the natural O-glycans and terminalstructure containing fragments thereof useful as for immunization or asa binding epitope for targeting substances. All structures containspecific GlcNAcβGalNAc, preferably GlcNAcβGalNAcα-structure.

The inventors have also found out that O-glycans of tumors containstructures carrying terminal β-linked GlcNAc. The O-glycan specificityfor tumor is demonstrated in the examples by describing specific naturalcancer associated antibody from a person recovered from ovarian cancerand by absence of the antibody in a pool of sera from persons withoutcancer background.

The present invention is specifically directed to human tumor specificO-glycan core structures comprising terminal β-inked GlcNAc residues,preferably with the provision that the O-glycan sequences do notcomprise GalNAc-GalNAc sequence. The preferred O-glycan oligosaccharidesequences comprise at least one oligosaccharide sequence according tothe formula:[GlcNAcβ3]_(s1)[Galβ3]_(s2)(GlcNAcβ6)_(s5)GalNAcwherein s1, s2, and s5 are independently 0 or 1, with proviso that atleast s1 is 1 or s5 is 1. When there is two GlcNAc structures, one maybe substituted with Gal, NeuNAcαGal or other natural oligosaccharidesequences. The Gal-residue may be further substituted with sialic acidor other natural oligosaccharide sequences, in a preferred embodimentthe Gal-residue is sialylated.

Preferred O-glycan oligosaccharide sequences include:

GlcNAcβ3Galβ3(Galβ4GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc, GlcNAcβ3Galβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc,GlcNAcβ3Galβ3GalNAc, Galβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc, GlcNAcβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc,GlcNAcβ6GalNAc, GlcNAcβ3GalNAc, and SAαGalβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc, wherein SAis sialic acid, preferably Neu5Ac or Neu5Gc or derivative such asO-acetylated derivative thereof which may be α3- or α6-linked to Gal.

More preferably O-glycan oligosaccharide sequences include:

GlcNAcβ3Galβ3GalNAc, Galβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc, GlcNAcβ6GalNAc andGlcNAcβ3GalNAc and NeuNAcαGalβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc.

Most preferred O-glycan sequences include Galβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc,GlcNAcβ3GalNAc, GlcNAcβ6GalNAc and NeuNAcα3Galβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc.

The O-glycan means that the original antigen is protein/peptide linkedfrom the reducing end to serine or threonine, preferably alpha linked toserine or threonine, or conjugate or analog thereof. The oligosaccharidemay also be linked to other carrier aglycon or aglycon spacerstructures. Linkage to aglycon or aglycon spacer means that the epitopesare not, at least not directly, linked to carbohydrate, especially notlinked to GalNAcα. Aglycon preferably comprises at least one CH2-grouplike in serine or threonine, giving preferred structures OSα-O—CH₂—R,wherein OS is an oligosaccharide according to the invention and R isrest of the aglycon or spacer, preferably comprising additionalmethylene or acyclic alkyl-structures. In a separate embodiment theO-glycan is linked by a beta linkage as decribed above.

The present invention is specifically directed to human antibodiesrecognizing O-glycan oligosaccharide sequence structuresGalβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc, and/or GlcNAcβ6GalNAc but notGalβ3(Galβ4GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc, and/or Galβ4GlcNAcβ6GalNAc and therapheuticand diagnostic uses of these as described by the present invention. In apreferred embodiment the present invention is directed to human antibodyrecognizing effectively oligosaccharide sequence Galβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAcbut not oligosaccharide sequence Galβ3(Galβ4GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc.GlcNAcβ3GalNAc is also preferred O-glycan type target for humanantibodies. In preferred embodiment the human antibody is naturalantibody. In another embodiment the antibody is induced by a cancervaccine. In more preferred embodiments the human antibody is an IgG orIgA or IgM antibody, most preferably a IgG antibody.

As separate embodiment the present invention is directed to uses of torare sialylated variants of the O-glycan core structures such asGlcNAcβ3(NeuNAcα6)GalNAc or NeuNAcα3Galβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc.

3. Poly-N-acetylactosamine Type Sequences Containing Terminal GlcNAcβ3and/or GlcNAcβ6

The polylactosamine sequences described here do no belong tospecifically protein linked GlcNAcβ-structures and protein linkedGlcNAcβ-glycan cores according to the invention. The structures areuseful in combination with the protein specific structures and otherspecific methods described by the invention.

The present invention describes the presence of terminalN-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) on poly-Nacetylactosamine type structureson human tumors. The structures were first found in large amounts from ahuman hyper nephroma tumor in one out of four tumors studied. Theglycolipid fraction of the tumor was characterized to contain terminalN-acetylglucosamines by a specific radiolabelled Escherichia coli strainand FAB-mass spectrometry of permethylated sample. The glycolipidfraction also contained terminal N-acetyllactosamines, which could bedetected by using a specific lectin. Screening of normal kidneyglycolipids by the bacterium showed that the terminal GlcNAc was notpresent in the corresponding normal tissue, as it was not present inseveral other control tissues.

One embodiment of the present invention describes detection or isolationof an oligosaccharide sequence or oligosaccharide sequences comprising aterminal N-acetylglucosamine residue from tumor.

Following saccharide sequences are among the tumor specific structuresto be isolated or detected: GlcNAcβ3Gal, GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc,GlcNAcβ6Gal, GlcNAcβ3 (GlcNAcβ6)Gal, GlcNAcβ3(GlcNAcβ36)Galβ4GlcNAc,GlcNAcβ6Gal or GlcNAcβ6Galβ4GlcNAc, the sequences are part ofpoly-N-acetyllactosamine chains so that the chains comprise at least oneterminal C-linked GlcNAc.

In a more preferred embodiment the present invention is directed tonon-β6-containing linear polylactosamine sequences: GlcNAcβ3Gal,GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc.

In a separate embodiment the present invention is directed toβ6-containing non-branched polylactosamine sequences: GlcNAcβ6Gal,GlcNAcβ6Galβ4GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ6Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc.

A preferred group of poly-N-acetylactosamine type sequences are β3-,β6-branched structures, GlcNAcβ3(GlcNAcβ6)Gal,GlcNAcβ3(GlcNAcβ6)Galβ4GlcNAc, Galβ4GlcNAcβ3(GlcNAcβ6)Galβ4GlcNAc. Thenbranched structures resemble branched O-glycan structures.

Structures with type one N-acetyllactosamine, GlcNAcβ3Galβ3GlcNAc, orGlcNAcββ6Galβ3GlcNAc are also among the compounds within the scope ofthe invention.

4. Protein Linked N-acetylglucosamine

The protein linked GlcNAc described here belong to specifically proteinlinked GlcNAcβ-structures according to the invention. The inventors havecharacterized protein linked GlcNAc residues from tumors such as larynx,stomach, colon and lung tumors. The present invention shows that theoverexpression of the protein linked GlcNAc expression on tumors iscommon. The novel N-glycan type tumor antigens were also detectedspecifically by novel glycosyltransferase methods from tissue sectionsof tumors but not or in lower amounts in corresponding normal ornon-malignant tissues. The analysis of the protein linked GlcNAcindicated presence of several forms of protein linked GlcNAc

In a specific embodiment the present invention is directed according tothe present invention to therapheutic, and diagnostic uses, andpharmaceutical compositions, comprising beta linked N-acetylglucosaminemonosaccharide residue, GlcNAcβ. Most of the tumors cells carry theO-glycan like GlcNAc releasable by β-elimination.

The present invention is in a preferred embodiment directed to the usesaccording to the present invention using O-glycosidic structures

GlcNAcSer and/or GlcNAcThr,

wherein the hydroxyl groups serine and threonine residues areglycosidically linked to the GlcNAc residue. The serine (Ser) andthreonine (Thr) amino acid residues are in a preferred embodiments partsof peptides or peptide conjugates or derivatized from amino- and/orcarboxylic acid groups.

In another preferred embodiment the present invention is directed to theuses of GlcNAcX, wherein X is aglycon preferably mimicking serine orthreonine amino acid residues described above.

In a preferred embodiment GlcNAcβSer and/or GlcNAcβThr, GlcNAcβX islinked to polyvalent carrier according to the present invention for usesdescribed by the invention, preferably to a carrier useful forvaccination, and most preferably to a carbohydrate carrier as describedby the present invention.

In another preferred embodiment GlcNAcβSer and/or GlcNAcβThr, GlcNAcβXis linked to polyvalent carrier according to the present invention,preferably to a carrier useful for vaccination, and most preferably to acarbohydrate carrier as described by the present invention.

The present invention is also directed to β-linked N-glycosidic analogsof the O-glycan type structures described above, for example GlcNAcβ-Asnand peptide derivatives and analogs thereof. In biological samples suchstructures are formed by exoglycosidases or byendo-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase.

Preferred Human Specific Immune Reactions

The present invention describes novel natural immune reactions foundfrom persons having cancer or which have been cured from cancer.Possibility of human immune reaction against a novel carbohydrate cannotbe guessed from animal data due to species specificity of glycosylation,The invention is especially directed novel human cancer associatedimmune reactions and human cancer associated antibodies includingcorresponding humanized antibodies against O-glycan structuresGlcNAcβ3GalNAc, GlcNAcβ6(Galβ3)GalNAc, N-glycan structures comprisingterminal GlcNAcβ2Man, especially ones bindingGlcNAcβ2Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Man, and the protein linkedGlcNAc-structure, especially when the antibody binds to GlcNAcβ-O—CH₂—R,where in the structure is O-glycosidically linked to serine or threonineor an aglycon represented by R as described for O-glycans. The antibodyreactions were especially effective against O-glycan structures. BothIgM and IgG antibodies against all structures were observed. Theinvention is targeted both human IgG and IgM antibodies recognizing thepreferred structures.

General Structures Representing Oligosaccharide Sequences

The oligosaccharide sequences of the invention can be a part of aglycolipid, a part of a glycoprotein, and/or a part of aN-acetyllactosamine chain. The tumor specific oligosaccharide sequencescan also be a part of glycolipids, a part of N-linked glycans orO-linked glycans of glycoproteins. The tumor associated oligosaccharidesequences can also be directly linked to O-glycosidic GalNAc. Defects orchanges in biosynthetic and/or biodegradative pathways of tumors lead tothe synthesis of the oligosaccharide sequences of the invention both onglycolipids and glycoproteins. Terminal N-acetylglucosamine means thatthe non-reducing end GlcNAc residue in an oligosaccharide chain is notsubstituted by any other monosaccharide. The term oligosaccharidesequence indicates that the monosaccharide residue/residues in thesequence are part of a larger glycoconjugate, which contains othermonosaccharide residues in a chain, which may be branched, or naturalsubstituted modifications of oligosaccharide chains. The oligosaccharidechain is normally conjugated to a lipid anchor or to a protein. In apreferred embodiment the the oligosaccharide sequences according to thepresent invention are non-reducing terminal oligosaccharide sequences,which means here that the oligosaccharide sequences are not linked toother monosaccharide or oligosaccharide structures except optionallyfrom the reducing end of the oligosaccharide sequence. Theoligosaccharide sequence when present as conjugate is preferablyconjugated from the reducing end of the oligosaccharide sequence, thoughother linkage positions which are tolerated by the antibody/bindingsubstance binding can also be used. In a more specific embodiment theoligosaccharide sequence according to the present invention means thecorresponding oligosaccharide residue which is not linked by naturalglycosidic linkages to other monosaccharide or oligosaccharidestructures. The oligosaccharide residue is preferably a freeoligosaccharide or a conjugate or derivative from the reducing end ofthe oligosaccharide residue.

Minor species of ganglio- or galactosylglobosides can also represent thetumor specific terminal GlcNAc: terminal Galβ4GlcNAcβ3/β6 structures arelinked to the glycolipid cores in some tissues and under lowgalactosylation conditions described by the invention terminal GlcNAcscan be revealed.

In another embodiment of the invention the tumor specificoligosaccharides are detected for the diagnostics of cancer or tumor.

Preferably the tumor specific oligosaccharide sequence is detected by aspecific binding substance which can be an aptamer, lectin, peptide, orprotein, such as an antibody, a fragment thereof or geneticallyengineered variants thereof. More preferably the specific bindingsubstance is divalent, oligovalent or polyvalent. Most preferably thebinding substance is a lectin or an antibody.

Specific binding combinatorial chemistry libraries can be used to searchfor the binding molecules. Saccharide binding proteins, antibodies orlectins can be engineered, for example, by phage display methods toproduce specific binders for the structures of the invention. Labelledbacteria or cells or other polymeric surfaces containing moleculesrecognizing the structures can be used for the detection.Oligosaccharide sequences can also be released from cancer or tumorcells by endoglycosidase enzymes. Alternatively oligosaccharides can bereleased by protease enzymes, such as glycopepides. Chemical methods torelease oligosaccharides or derivatives thereof include, e.g.,otsonolysis of glycolipids and beta-elimination or hydrazinolysismethods to release oligosaccharides from glycoproteins. Alternativelythe glycolipid fraction can be isolated. A substance specificallybinding to the tumor specific oligosaccharide sequences can also be usedfor the analysis of the same sequences on cell surfaces. Said sequencescan be detected, e.g., as glycoconjugates or as released and/or isolatedoligosaccharide fractions. The possible methods for the analysis of saidsequences in various forms also include NMR-spectroscopy, massspectometry and glycosidase degradation methods. Preferably at least twoanalysis methods are used, especially when methods of limitedspecificity are used.

Analysis of Multiple Cancer Specific Structures Simultaneously from MassSpectrometric Profiles

The present invention is especially directed to the analysis and/orcomparision of several analytical signals, preferably mass spectrometrysignals produced from a sample comprising total fraction ofoligosaccharides released from a cancer or a tumor sample. A single massspectrum of an oligosaccharide fraction comprise a profile ofglycosylation and multiple peaks indicating the potential presence ofthe oligosaccharide sequences and potential presence of cancer specificoligosaccharide sequences and altered levels thereof in comparison tonormal tissue sample. The profiles are determined preferably byMALDI-TOF spectrometry as described in Examples. The totaloligosaccharide fraction corresponds preferably total fraction ofprotein oligosaccharides, preferably comprising at least one cancer ortumor specific oligosaccharide sequence according to the invention. Inanother preferred embodiment the total oligosaccharide fractioncomprises at least one cancer or tumor specific O-glycosidic and oneN-glycosidic oligosaccharide according to the invention. The presentinvention is further directed to analysis of the multiple massspectrometric signals when the total oligosaccharide fraction releasedfrom a cancer or tumor sample after an enzymatic or a chemical digestionstep. The enzymatic digestion is preferably performed by a glycosidaseenzyme, preferably selected from the group: galactosidase, sialidase,N-acetylhexosamidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, fucosidase ormannosidase.

The present invention is also directed to the use of the tumor specificoligosaccharide sequences or analogs or derivatives thereof to producepolyclonal or monoclonal antibodies recognizing said structures usingfollowing process: 1) producing synthetically or biosynthetically apolyvalent conjugate of an oligosaccharide sequence of the invention oranalogue or derivative thereof, the polyvalent conjugate being, forinstance, according to the following structure: position C1 of thereducing end terminal of an oligosaccharide sequence (OS) comprising thetumor specific terminal sequence of the invention is linked (-L-) to anoligovalent or a polyvalent carrier (Z), via a spacer group (Y) andoptionally via a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide residue (, formingthe following structure[OS—(X)_(n)-L-Y]_(m)—Zwhere integer m have values m>1 and n is independently 0 or 1; L can beoxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or a carbon atom; X is preferably lactosyl-,galactosyl-, poly-N-acetyl-lactosaminyl, or part of an O-glycan or anN-glycan oligosaccharide sequence, Y is a spacer group or a terminalconjugate such as a ceramide lipid moiety or a linkage to Z; 2)immunizing an animal or human with polyvalent conjugate together with animmune response activating substance. Preferably the oligosaccharidesequence is polyvalently conjugated to an immune response activatingsubstance and the conjugate is used for immunization alone or togetherwith an additional immune response activating substance. In a preferredembodiment the oligosaccharide conjugate is injected or administeredmucosally to an antibody producing organism with an adjuvant molecule oradjuvant molecules. For antibody production the oligosaccharide oranalogs or derivatives thereof can be polyvalently conjugated to aprotein such as BSA, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, a lipopeptide, apeptide, a bacterial toxin, a part of peptidoglycan or immunoactivepolysaccharide or to another antibody production activating molecule.The polyvalent conjugates can be injected to an animal with adjuvantmolecules to induce antibodies by routine antibody production methodsknown in the art.

Antibody production or vaccination can also be achieved by analogs orderivatives of the tumor specific oligosaccharide sequences. Simpleanalogs of the N-acetyl-group containing oligosaccharide sequencesinclude compounds with modified N-acetyl groups, for example, N-alkyls,such as N-propanyl.

Analogs that can be used for the production of antibodies bindingGlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc include sequences Hex(NAc)₀₋₁α3Galβ4GlcNAc,Hex(NAc)₀₋₁β3Galβ4GlcNAc, where Hex is hexose, preferably Gal or Glc.The analogs may also comprise molecules where GlcNAc is replaced by aclose isomer such as ManNAc.

According to the invention it is possible to use the tumor specificoligosaccharide sequences for the purification of antibodies from serum,preferably from human serum. Normally there are large amounts ofantibodies recognizing terminal GlcNAc structures in human serum. Thereis also a class of natural antibodies recognizing terminalGalα3Galβ4GlcNAc structures. The Galα antigen is not naturally presentin human and recently it was shown that the natural antibodies also bindin vitro structures GalNAcα3Galβ4GlcNAc, GalNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc, andGlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc (Teneberg et al., 1996). The X2-structure,GalNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc, is a normal antigen on human tissues and structuresGalNAcα3Galβ4GlcNAc and Galα3Galβ4GlcNAc have not been described fromhuman normal or cancer tissues. Thus, the present finding that theterminal GlcNAc-structure is a tumor antigen indicated that it ispossible that the actual function of the natural antibodies is toprevent cancers and destroy tumors having terminal GlcNAc-structures.The tumor specific oligosaccharides or derivatives or analogs, such as aclose isomer, can also be immobilized for the purification of antibodiesfrom serum, preferably from human serum The present invention isdirected to natural human antibodies which bind strongly to the tumorspecific oligosaccharide sequences according to the present invention.

The tumor specific oligosaccharide sequences can also be used fordetection and or quantitation of the human antibodies binding to thetumor specific oligosaccharide sequences, for example, in enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) or affinity chromatography type assayformats. The detection of human antibodies binding to the tumor specificoligosaccharide sequences is preferably aimed for diagnostics of cancer,development of cancer theraphies, especially cancer vaccines against theoligosaccharide sequences according to the present invention, and searchfor blood donors which have high amounts of the antibodies or one typeof the antibody.

Furthermore, it is possible to use human antibodies or humanizedantibodies against the tumor specific oligosaccharide sequences toreduce the growth of or to destroy a tumor or cancer. Human antibodiescan also be tolerated analogs of natural human antibodies against thetumor specific oligosaccharide sequences; the analogs can be produced byrecombinant gene technologies and/or by biotechnology and they may befragments or optimized derivatives of human antibodies. Purified naturalanti-tumor antibodies can be administered to a man without any expectedside effect as such antibodies are transferred during regular bloodtransfusions. This is true under conditions that the tumor specificstructures are not present on normal tissues or cells and do not varybetween individuals as blood group antigens do, however, suchblood-group-like variations are not known for the structures withterminal GlcNAc. In another embodiment of the invention species specificanimal antibodies are used against a tumor or cancer of the specificanimal. The production of specific humanized antibodies by geneengineering and biotechnology is also possible: the production ofhumanized antibodies has been described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,874,060 and6,025,481, for example. The humanized antibodies are designed to mimicthe sequences of human antibodies and therefore they are not rejected byimmune system as animal antibodies are, if administered to a humanpatient. It is realized that the method to reduce the growth of or todestroy cancer applies both to solid tumors and to cancer cells ingeneral. It is also realized that the purified natural human antibodiesrecognizing any human cancer specific antigen, preferably anoligosaccharide antigen, can be used to reduce the growth of or todestroy a tumor or cancer. In another embodiment species specific animalantibodies are used against a tumor or cancer of the specific animal.

According to the invention human antibodies or humanized antibodiesagainst the tumor specific oligosaccharides, or other toleratedsubstances binding the tumor specific oligosaccharides, are useful totarget toxic agents to tumor or to cancer cells. The toxic agent couldbe, for example, a cell killing chemotherapeutics medicine, such asdoxorubicin (Arap et al., 1998), a toxin protein, or a radiochemistryreagent useful for tumor destruction. Such therapies have beendemonstrated and patented in the art. The toxic agent may also causeapoptosis or regulate differentiation or potentiate defence reactionsagainst the cancer cells or tumor. In another embodiment of theinvention species specific animal antibodies are used against a tumor orcancer of the specific animal. The cancer or tumor binding antibodiesaccording to the present invention can be also used for targetingprodrugs active against tumor or enzymes or other substances convertingprodrugs to active toxic agents which can destroy or inhibit tumor orcancer, for example in so called ADEPT-approaches.

The therapheutic antibodies described above can be used inpharmaceutical compositions for the treatment or prevention of cancer ortumor. The method of treatment of the invention can also be used whenpatient is under immunosuppressive medication or he/she is sufferingfrom immunodeficiency.

The terminal GlcNAc, or preferably GlcNAcβ3/6Galβ4GlcNAc-type cancer ortumor glycosylation, may be more common in tumors occurring in patientssuffering from immunodeficient conditions, e.g., immunodeficiencycausing diseases, such as AIDS, or immunodefiency caused byimmunosuppressive medication. Kaposi's sarcoma is a common cancerrelated to AIDS and immunodeficiency. Immunosuppressive medications areused, for instance, with organ transplantations to prevent rejectionduring kidney, heart, liver or lung transplantations. Malignanciesarising during such therapies are in general benign, but they causeoften the loss of the precious organ transplant. Some of the potentialnatural anticancer antibodies may probably also recognize followingepitopes: GalNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc, GalNAcα3Galβ4GlcNAc, andGalα3Galβ4GlcNAc, which have been shown to be similar. The firststructure, X₂, is more common in persons who belong to a rare variant ofp-blood group, these persons may also have less antibodies recognizingGlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc structure. Capability to produce antibodies againsttumor or cancer specific antigens may vary according to individualdifferences in immune system. Persons who have recovered from cancer mayhave especially high amounts of natural anti-cancer antibodies.

A possible example from the antibody mediated immune reaction againsttumor tissue is a total recovery from hypernephroma after surgery of themajority of the tumor. The oligosaccharide sequences with terminalGlcNAcs are potential targets of such immune response.

Other Methods for Therapheutic Targeting of Tumors

It is realized that numerous other agents beside antibodies, antibodyfragments, humanized antibodies and the like can be used fortheraphautic targeting cancer or tumors similarity with the diagnosticsubstances. It is specifically preferred to use non-immunogenic andtolerable substances to target cancer or tumor. The targeting substancesbinding to the cancer or tumor comprise also specific toxic or cytolyticor cell regulating agents which leads to destruction or inhibition ofcancer or tumor. Preferably the non-antibody molecules used for canceror tumor targeting theraphies comprise molecules specifically binding tothe cancer or tumor specific oligosaccharide sequences according to thepresent invention are aptamers, lectins, genetically engineered lectins,enzymes recognizing the terminal GlcNAc-structures such as glycosidasesand glycosyltransferase and genetically engineered variants thereof.Labelled bacteria, viruses or cells or other polymeric surfacescontaining molecules recognizing the structures can be used for thecancer or tumor targeting theraphies: The cancer or tumor bindingnon-antibody substances according to the present invention can also beused for targeting prodrugs active against cancer or tumor to cancer ortumor or for targeting enzymes or other substances converting prodrugsto active toxic agents which can destroy or inhibit cancer or tumor.

Targetting Terminal GlcNAc-Comprising Tumor Antigens byGlycosyltransferases

The present invention is also directed to novel method to transfer amodified monosaccharide derivative on cancer cells or tumor fortreatment or diagnostics. We disclose a method of generating a covalentbond between a toxic agent, label, drug or immunologically activecarbohydrate and the surface of a pathogenic cell of a patient, whichsurface comprises an acceptor structure recognized by a transferaseenzyme, comprising the steps of

-   -   conjugating said toxic agent, label, drug or immunologically        active carbohydrate with a donor molecule of the transferase        enzyme, and    -   (a) administering the conjugate obtained and optionally said        transferase enzyme to the patient for the treatment of tumor    -   or (b), for tumor diagnostics, contacting the conjugate obtained        to a tumor sample and detecting said label.

The monosaccharide derivatives to be transferred by glycosyltransferasesalso comprise a glycosidically linked nucleotide residue. The preferredmonosaccharide derivatives are 2-modified such as amide derivatives ofUDP-galactosamine

A preferred theraphautic or diagnostic monosaccharide derivative isUDP-GalN[—S]-D,wherein

-   S is an optional spacer group-   D is derivatizing group including molecular labels such as for    example biotin or a fluorecent molecule including, or a toxic agent,    prodrug or prodrug releasing substance as described for other cancer    or tumor targetting methods.

The spacer is preferably flexible enough to allow the binding of themodified nucleotide monosaccharide to the transferase.

A preferred monosaccharide derivative isUDP-N-(6-biotinamidohexanoyl)galactosamine. A preferred enzyme to beused is a galactosyltransferase which is engineered to transfereffectively 2-modified monosaccharides. Also naturalGalNAc/GlcNAc-transferases with similar specificity from animals forexample, may also be used.

The present invention is especially directed to method to label tumortissue by biotin by incubating the tissue with UDP-GalN-spacer-biotinand a modified galactosyltransferase.

The present invention is in a separate embodiment directed to adiagnostic method in which

-   -   1. radiolabelled Gal is transferred from radiolabelled UDP-Gal        to human tumor tissue by galactosyltransferase, preferably by        β4-galactosyltransferase and    -   2. the radioactivity incorporated to the tissue is used to        determine amount of terminal GlcNAc residues on the tumor.

The methods using galactosyltransferases for labelling are effective forall types of terminal β-GlcNAc structures of the present invention.

Transfer of Modified Galactose Residue to Cancer for Therapy orDiagnosis of Terminal GlcNAcβ-Structures

The present invention is further directed to enzyme based therapeuticand diagnostic targeting and/or labeling terminal GlcNAc-residues invivo or ex vivo by transferring a labeled monosaccharide covalently tothe GlcNAc residues of material such as protein or tissue sample orcancer tissue expressing any cancer specific terminal GlcNAc containingstructure, preferably any cancer or tumor specific structure accordingto the invention including the polylactosamine, N-glycan, O-glycan andprotein linked terminal GlcNAc-structures. In a preferred embodimentpolylactosamine, N-glycan, or O-glycan type of structure is targeted.The invention is specifically directed to glycosylation reactions ofpreferred terminal GlcNAc structures according to the invention.Preferably the monosaccharide is transferred by a β-glycosyltransferase,more preferably by β-glycosyltransferase which is β3- orβ4-glycosyltransferase and most preferably by a β4-glycosyltransferase.In a preferred embodiment the transferase is able to transfer one orseveral of the monosaccharide residues selected from the group Glc,GlcNAc, Gal and GalNAc and at least one modified derivative thereof.Preferably the transferase is a Hex(NAc)_(r)β4-transferase, wherein Hexis Glc or Gal, and r is 0 or r is 1. Preferred glycosylatransferasesinclude animal and human glycosyltransferase. Human transferases areespecially preferred for in vivo uses.

The most preferred form of glycosylatransferase is an animal β4-GlcNAcand/or GalNAc-glycosyltransferase comprising structure allowing transferof 2-modified Gal or GalN or Glc or GlcN. A preferred transferase hasbeen described by Ramakrishnan and Qasba 2002. This bovineβ4-galactosyltransferase enzyme has a mutation at a residue allowing thetransfer. The present invention is also directed to similar animalenzymes containing the same or similar peptide structure at thecatalytic site and having characterized to transfer GalNAc and/or GlcNAcfrom UDP-GalNAc or UDP-GlcNAc. In a preferred embodiment the animalenzyme is a variant of human β4-galactosyltransferase, preferably humanβ4-galactosyltransferase comprising the same mutation.

A preferred enzyme for transferring the substances is aglycosyltransferase capable of transferring of a monosaccharide unitmodified to position 2. A mutated animal form of such enzyme wasdescribed by Ramakrishnan and Qasba 2002. The present invention isespecially directed to soluble human glycosyltransferases and activefragments thereof, especially mutated galactosyltransferases, capable oftransferring 2-modified monosaccharide structures.

Preferred 2-Modified Carbohydrate Conjugates to be Transferred

The specific diagnostic method is directed to transfer of carbohydrateconjugate to terminal GlcNAc as described by the invention when thecarbohydrate to be transferred is modified to position 2. Thecarbohydrate to be transferred has the structure according to theHexL-S-T  Formula ClWherein Hex is hexose preferably Gal or Glc,L is linking atom on carbon 2 of the hexose preferably oxygen ornitrogen, or carbon or sulphur atom, more preferably L is oxygen ornitrogen, and most preferably nitrogen. S is spacer group or atom ornothing,preferably the spacer length is at least 3 atoms, more preferably atleast four and most preferably at least 6 atoms. The spacer may benothing if the T group includes a flexible aliphatic or equivalent chainsuch as polyalkylether-structure, preferably poly(ethylene glycol), PEG.

T is the group to be transferred or targeted according to the invention.The transferable group was surprisingly found out to be useful even whenlarger the acetyl group naturally present on GalNAc or GlcNAc, evenlarger than 4 carbon atom substance, even larger than 6-carbon substanceor 10-carbon substance, the present invention is directed to transfer ofsubstances comprising preferably more than 4 carbon atoms, morepreferably more than 6 carbon atoms and most preferably more than 10carbon atoms. According to invention the transferase accepts is alsopreferred for use in transfer of modified monosacccharides containingmore than about 100 Da extra molecular weight, even more than 500 Da,1000 Da Or even more than 5000 Da. The present invention is directed touse of the full capacity of the preferred glycosyltransferases. Thecapability of the enzyme to transfer the large group allows the transferof functional structures such as labels, therapeutic agents ornon-immunogenic hydrophilic structures. The capability of transfer evenPEG-polymer of about 5000 kDA was even more surprising than the transferof biotin or similar size labels.

The invention is further directed to the nucleotide sugar conjugates fortransferring specific substances T according to the invention accordingto theNu-Hex(LS-T)  Formula C2:Wherein Hex, L, S and T are as above in Formula C1 andNu is a nucleotide activating the carbohydrate conjugate according tothe invention. Preferred nucleotides includes UDP, GDP, TDP, and ADPdepending on the preference of the glycosyltransferase used. Mostpreferably UDP is used. Preferred glycosylatransferases includes animaland human glycosyltransferasePreferred Nucleotide Sugar Conjugate

Most preferred nucleotide sugar conjugates are according to theUDP-Gal(N-S-T)  Formula C3andFormula C4UDP-Glc(N-S-T), wherein the nucleotide is UDP and linking atom isnitrogen and S and T are spacer as described above.Pretargetting Methods

Present invention is further directed to transfer linking groups byusing modified monosaccharides according to the invention. The linkinggroup can be later modified by a corresponding linking group linked witha group to be transferred according to the present invention. Thepresent invention is especially directed to the transfer ofchemoselective and protein/tissue compatible linking groups which arepreferably effective in water solutions or aqueous buffers. Thechemoselectivity means that linking group reacts to anothercorresponding linking group with selectivity. The protein and tissuecompability means that the linking group or its corresponding linkinggroup does not react, or does not essentially react with amino acidresidues or other structures present on the material to be targetedunder the conditions of the targeting reaction. The protein and tissuecompability depends on the chemical groups present on the material. Forexample when protein to be targeted does not contain free cysteine sidechain, thiol chemistry may be applicable. A preferred pair ofchemoselective group is a thiol and a thiol reactive group such as forexample maleimide. Another preferred pair of desired linking groups is aaldehyde or ketone to be reacted with an aminooxy group. The aminooxygroup reacts selectively and effectively the carbonyl substances inaqueous solution.

The present invention is directed to substances according to theformulas C1-C3 when the T group to be targeted is a chemoselective andprotein/tissue compatible linking group. The inventors found out thatthe preferred modified galactosyltransferase according to the inventiontransfers at least certain non-carbon atom comprising linking groupseven when the spacer is short such as 2-4 four atoms. In a preferredembodiment the invention is directed to substances comprising a shortspacer comprising at least 2 carbon, in preferred embodiment at least 3or 4 atoms, atoms and a linking group, preferably when the spacer has 2carbon atoms the linking group is N-protected aminooxy group. Theaminooxy group is preferably transferred in protected form which iscleaved to reactive aminooxy group under conditions compatible with mostproteins. In a specific embodiment a protected linking group accordingto the invention is used.

In another pretargeting method the invention is directed to transfer ofbiotin as a non-covalent pretargetting group. Additional groups can betargeted to biotin by avidin or strepavidin. The present invention isspecifically directed to transfer of biotin on to tissue or cell asdescribed by the invention, the examples represent useful methods andreagents and actual labelling. Methods to therapeutically target biotinor (strept)avidin pretargeted to cancer for example in vivo in human hasbeen demonstrated. The methods have been effective in clinical trials.Therefore the transfer of biotin to cancer tissue according to inventionis especially preferred.

Therapeutic Targeting of Carbohydrate Conjugate to Prevent HarmfulInteractions/In Vitro Modification of Therapy Related Agents

In a preferred embodiment the present invention is directed toconjugates which contain a non-immunogenic hydrophilic structure linkedto transferable carbohydrate. The non-immunogenic hydrophilic structureis preferably polyalkylglycol or equivalent or a carbohydrate,preferably a non-immunogenic polysaccharide, fragment of apolysaccharide or an oligosaccharide. Most preferably thenon-immunogenic hydrophilic structure is a polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Theaim of the substance is to target a therapeutic substance such astherapeutic protein or a cell or a tissue away from a source of harmfulinteraction. The modification occurs usually in vitro and thetherapeutic substances including therapeutic proteins, cells and tissuesare collectively called herein therapeutic agents. The modification ofcells and tissues may aim for therapy such as transplantation,xenotransplantation or treatment of wounds or tissue damages. Theharmful interaction may be mediated for example by receptor removing atherapeutic protein from blood circulation, by a proteolytic orhydrolytic enzyme degradating therapeutic protein or cell or tissue, bycells such as leukocytes degradating or binding to the or by thestructures of kidney removing low molecular weight substances includinglow molecular weight proteins from blood circulation.

The pegylation is generally used for improving the quality oftherapeutic proteins. Numerous proteins have been biotechnologicallyproduced and modified by PEG, some of the proteins are in the markets.In most cases the pegylation increases the molecular weight of a lowmolecular weight protein normally cleared through kidneys. The presentinvention is aimed for substances and methods for pegylation oftherapeutic protein. Pegylation of tissues or cells may be needed inmedical operation such as xenotransplantation. In such case thepegylation is aimed for example for protection of the transplantedtissue from degradation by immune system. Such methods may be used forexample in transplantations of neural tissue for treatment ofParkinsson's disease or transplant of pancreatic islet cells fortreatment of diabetes.

Methods to Modify Substrates Containing Terminal GlcNAc Structures InVitro for Therapeutic Agents

The present invention is aimed for modification of under galactosylatedglycoproteins produced by certain cell line, for example by insectcells. The present invention is especially directed to modification ofterminal GlcNAc containing proteins produced under conditions yieldingundergalactosylated (and sialylated) glycoproteins. The lack of terminalglycosylation may be induced by cell culture conditions, such as amountoxygen, presence of monosaccharide substrates and proteins. The presentinvention is further directed to removal of the terminal glycosylationby expressing galactosidase or sialidase (neuraminidase) or fucosidaseor N-acetylhexosminidase enzyme, preferably a beta-galactosidase andoptionally alpha-neuraminidase to the cell culture medium by the same ordifferent production cell line. The alpha neuraminidase may be ofgeneral broad specificity or specific for the sialic acid speciesproduced with alpha3-, or alpha6- and optionally also for alpha8- oralpha 9-linked sialic acid. The glycidase enzyme may be produced asimmobilized in the cell wall of yeast or other production cell type. Thepresent invention is directed to modification of terminal GlcNAc onO-glycan or N-glycan and/or protein linked glycans. The substrate of themodification is usually part of regular N-glycosidic or O-glycosidiccore structures. The present invention is specifically directed tosubstances according toHex(L-S-PEG)-GlcNAcβ-Core-peptide  Formula P1:wherein Hex, L and S are as described in Formula C1, Core is a corestructure of N-glycan and/or O-glycan, when GlcNAc is part of the corestructure the core is the glycan core excluding a terminal GlcNAcresidue, PEG is polyethylene glycol, and peptide is protein or peptideto be targeted away from immune system or other harmful interactions.Preferably the peptide is a therapeutic protein known to have beenpegylated before. Preferably the therapeutic protein is an antibody or alow molecular weight protein such as human erythropoietin (EPO), aninterferon or an interleukin. In a prefferred embodiment the protein isavidin protein aimed for in vivo use.

More preferably the present invention is directed to substancesaccording to the Formula β2:Gal(N-S-PEG)-GlcNAcβ-Core-peptide,wherein S, PEG-core and peptide are as described above.

In a preferred embodiment the present invention is preferably directedto substances according to the Formula β3:Glc(N-S-PEG)-GlcNAcβ-Core-peptide,wherein S, PEG-core and peptide are as described above.

The present invention is further directed to modified cell or tissuematerial, when the modification is produced by transfer of modifiedcarbohydrate on the surface of the cell and/or tissue according to theinvention. Preferred substances are according to the invention asfollows.Hex(L-S-PEG)-GlcNAcβ-Core-cell/tiss  Formula CT1wherein Hex, PEG, L and S are as described in Formula D1,Core is a core structure of N-glycan and/or O-glycan, optionallyexcluding a terminal GlcNAc residue, Cell/tiss means cell or tissuemodifiable.

More preferably the present invention is directed to tissues accordingto the Formula CT2:Gal(N-S-PEG)-GlcNAcβ-Cell/tiss,wherein S, PEG-core and peptide are as described above.

In a preferred embodiment the present invention is preferably directedto substances according to the Formula CT3:Glc(N-S-PEG)-GlcNAcβ-Cell/Tiss,wherein S, PEG-core and peptide are as described above.

The present invention is further directed to modified cell or tissuematerial, when the modification is produced by a transfer of modifiedcarbohydrate on the surface of the cell and/or tissue according to theinvention.

The present invention describes therapeutic or diagnostic substances,which can be transferred in vivo covalently to a cell surface,especially to surfaces of a pathogenic entities such as cancer or tumorcell, bacterium, virus or parasite.

Furthermore the present invention describes the transfer of thetherapeutic or diagnostic substances in vivo covalently to cellsurfaces, especially to the surfaces of pathogenic entities such as 1)cancer or tumor cells, 2) microbial pathogens including bacteria, fingi,viruses and parasites, and 3) pathogenesis or metastasis-inducingreceptors. The present invention especially relates to the transfer ofdonor carbohydrate to oligosaccharides related to pathogenic conditions,like cancer specific oligosaccharide sequences, or to those present onpathogens like viruses, bacteria or parasites. The invention isespecially directed to the use of carbohydrate conjugated toimmunologically active or toxic therapeutic substances for the treataentdiseases like infections, cancers and malignancies.

The invention can be also used to target drugs to cell or tissuesurfaces, where these can be recycled inside of cells. In a specificembodiment the drug is conjugated to the carbohydrate to be transferredby a labile bond, which is cleaved inside the cells and the drug isreleased.

In another specific embodiment, the therapeutic substance is a naturaltype of monosaccharide, which is covalently transferred to apathogenesis-inducing carbohydrate receptor in vivo and blocks thepathogenesis-inducing carbohydrate receptor. The pathogenesis-inducingcarbohydrate receptor may be a carbohydrate receptor of a metastasizingcancer, pathogenic microbe, or a defective glycosylation of tissuecausing autoimmune type disorders.

Moreover, the invention describes search of tissue or pathogenesisspecific receptors by covalent in vivo transfer of substances tosurfaces of cells or tissues. The present invention describes methodsfor the in vivo detection of the pathogenic entities andpathogenesis-related receptors. The in vivo transfer to tissues isuseful for tissue imagining technologies even when the transfer targetis not related to pathogenesis. The invention is also directed to theuse of carbohydrate conjugates for diagnostics of the pathogenicentities and diseases related to them. The invention is specificallydirected to the use of said carbohydrate/carbohydrates for diagnosticsof infections, cancer and malignancies.

The In Vivo Transfer to Cell Surfaces

The present invention describes the covalent in vivo transfer of atherapeutic or diagnostic molecule to cell surfaces. The transfer isperformed by a transferring enzyme, which can transfer a donor substratemolecule to a cell surface or more specifically to an acceptor substratemolecule which is preferentially a cell surface molecule, but can alsobe a cell surface associated molecule. The donor substrate molecule canbe used to block a pathogenesis-associated receptor by in viva synthesisof a tolerated natural structure from the pathogenesis-associatedreceptor on a cell surface. In another embodiment the donor substrate isa transferable molecule conjugated to a therapeutic or a diagnosticmolecule. The conjugation is performed so that it allows the donorsubstrate conjugate to be recognized and transferred by the transferringenzyme.

For example, the transferring enzyme can be a glycosyltransferase, thedonor substrate molecule can be a nucleotide sugar or a lipid donor of aglycosyltransferase enzyme and the acceptor substrate a cell surfacecarbohydrate or a cell surface associated carbohydrate. Moreover, as ananother example, the transferring enzyme can be a transglycosylatingenzyme, the donor substrate is an oligosaccharide or a glycoconjugatedonor for the transglycosylating enzyme, and the acceptor substrate is acell surface carbohydrate acceptor of the transglycosylating enzyme.Preferentially a monosaccharide residue or conjugate thereof istransferred from a donor to an acceptor substrate. Transglycosylatingenzymes and even glycosyltransferases like oligosaccharyltransferase canalso transfer oligosaccharides. In both cases the first substrate can beconjugated to a therapheutic or a diagnostic molecule.

The invention can be also used to target drugs to cell or tissuesurfaces, where these can be recycled inside of cells. In a specificembodiment the drug is conjugated to the modified monosaccharide by alabile bond, which is cleaved inside or on the cells and the drug isreleased.

Special Requirement of In Vivo Transferring Reactions

The invention is directed to reaction conditions and reagentcombinations, which allow glycosyltransfer reactions to achieve transferof therapeutic or diagnostic carbohydrates to desired targets undernovel in vivo conditions.

A. Glycosyltransferase Reactions In Vivo

Transferase reactions. The invention is directed to use of naturalglycosyltransferases present in human and mammalian body fluids and cellsurfaces. The functions of extracellular glycosyltransferases arelargely unknown, the cell surface forms may be cell adhesion molecules.It is realized in the present invention that the specificities of theglycosyltransferases present in sera allows specific transfer reactionsto special precursor oligosaccharides present on pathogenic entities.

Furthermore, it is realized that this method could be used for specialtargeting of therapheutic or diagnostic compounds to surfaces ofpathogenic entities, like cancer cells or microbial pathogens. Thistargeting method differs from previous ones in that the carbohydrateconjugates are transferred covalently to the surface of a pathogenicentity. It is realized that certain cancers for example carry terminalGlcNAcβ- and GalNAcα-containing acceptors for βgalactosyltransferases ofhuman serum.

It is further realized that the reactions can be used to transfer toxicor diagnostic agents on surfaces of microbes like Neisseria or parasiteslike Trypanosoma cruxii, which are known to transfer sialic acid totheir surfaces. The modern recombinant enzyme technologies also allowuse of additional glycosyltransferases in body of a patient, for suchapplication the transferase should be preferentially well tolerated likerecombinant forms of soluble human transferases. Evenglycosyltransferases from microbial pathogens could be useful forspecific transfer to surfaces of microbes, but immune reactions againstthe pathogen type transferases may limit usefulness of long termtherapies or change the effect of theraphy to more vaccination like in alonger time scale.

In an separate embodiment the pathogenesis inducing receptor is a tissuesaccharide structure of a patient ant the structure is receptor forcancer, microbial pathogen or a toxin secreted by a microbial pathogenor an autoimmune receptor like under glycosylated structures in certainglycosylation disorders. The terminal GlcNAcβ3LacNAc- andGalNAcβ3LacNAc-structures are potential receptor for the diarrheacausing toxin A from Clostridiumn difficile, these receptors can beblocked by tranasfer of Galβ4- of NeuNAcα3—to the receptors.Under-sialylation of LDL in atherosclerosis or under-galactosylation oferythrocytes in forms of HEMPAS or in IgG in diabetes are examples ofconditions which are treatable in vivo according to invention bytransfer of normal monosaccharides from regular nucleotide sugars.Cancers can metastasize to liver by terminal Gal-residues which bind toasialoglycoprotein receptor of liver, blocking the receptor by NeuNAcα3-reduces the liver metastasis in such cancer.

Special In Vivo Transferase Reaction Conditions

The in vitro glycosyltransferase reactions are in general carried out inprecence of relatively large amounts of MnCl₂, the Mn²⁺-ion activatesmost of the known glycosyltransferases. The reagent may be also used tostabilize the donor nucleotide for improving the reaction conditions.Unfortunately, the Mn²⁺-ion is neurotoxic and it is therefore preferredonly in for short term use under following conditions: The carbohydrateor the conjugate to be transferred with Mn²⁺-ion is used in limitedamounts in 1) gastrointestinal tract 2) in urinary bladder 3) asdirectly administerd close to the pathogenic entity. The limited amountsmeans that therapy with Mn²⁺-ion levels will not be reach toxic levels.Furthermore the amount of the toxic free Mn²⁺-levels can be controlledby increasing molecules chelating the ion, for example a toleratedchelator used in serum for imagining with with Mn²⁺-ion complex and/oradding chelating protein like transferring. The chelating agent can beused to remove extra Mn²⁺-ions after the desired transfer has beenachieved or locally in blood circulation after the cancer or pathogenposition where the carbohydrate is targeted. For blood cells or bloodcomponents or tissue transplants glycosyltransferase reactions could beperformed outside of the body even in presence of Mn²⁺ if harmfulamounts of the ions are removed before applying the blood or itscomponents or tissue to the body of the patient, however use moretolerated divalent cations as described below is preferred It is furtherrealized that use of the alternative less toxic divalent cations orremoval of Mn²⁺ is also preferred in production of glycosylationremodelled therapeutic glycoproteins.

Special Conditions for Galactosyltransferase/Modified

β4-Galactosyltransferase Reaction In Vivo to React with TerminalGlcNAcβ-Structures

The galactosyltransferase activity of human serum was observed torequire Mn2+ ions for activity, other cations did not essentiallyactivate the transferase under assay conditions. It was then tried toadd exogenous galactosyltransferase from bovine milk to serum and wefound out that the enzyme was active even without manganese ions.Additional activation was achieved by divalent cations zinc, calsium andmagnesium. The invention is especially directed to use addedβ4-galactosyltransferase in human blood circulation. It is preferred touse Zn2+, Ca2+ and/or Mg2+ ions for additional activation of the enzyme.It was further found out that phosphorylcholine has stabilizing effectto the donor substrate preventing part of degradation to galactose. Theinvention is further directed to use of a tolerable phosphoestersubstance, preferably phosphorylcholine to reduce the degradation of thedonor in human blood. The manganese ion was observed to activateendogenous human galactosyltransferase at 1 mM concentration and even at0.2 mM concentration. Under conditions where use of manganese isacceptable according to the invention, the invention is directed to useof about 0.01 mM to 1 mM Mn²⁺, more preferably 0.02-0.2 mM Mn².

The invention also finds useful novel reaction conditions wherein nodivalent cation is used for with Mn²⁺-activable enzyme. This possible invivo because the highly metabolically active cancer cells, or manystressed cells for example excrete glycosyltransferases and divalentcations complexed with these, the cell surface ion concentrations willallow reactions which are not possible in sole serum. More over theMn²⁺-ion or other divalent cations can be used together with exogenousglycosyltransferase and the donor carbohydrate as complex so that thefree ion concentration remains lower.

It is more preferred to use tolerated alternative ions even though theenzyme activity is lower. According to the invention it is possible touse 4 mM MgCl₂ to activate fucosyltransferases in human whole blood.Short term therapies even bigger Mg²⁺-ion-concentrations to about 6-8 mMcould be tolerated by human patients. Additional use of high Ca²⁺concentration like about 1-2 mM gives occasionally better reactivity. Insevere diseases like cancer or very lethal infections it may adviseableto try to increase the cation concentrations despite higher risks. Whenno divalent cation is used in rection with human whole blood morespecific facosyltransfrase reaction is observed. It is possible to usethe cations to regulated specificities of the transfer reactions invivo. In a specific embodiment organic cation containing molecules likespermine or lechitin or choline can be used to increase the reactivityof the transferase. In some cases other divalent cations like Co²⁺ orBa²⁺ or even Cd²⁺ ion could be used for activation of specificglycosytransferases.

The invention also describes use of in vivo tolerable phosphataseinhibitors to increase the reaction. For example in gastrointertinaltract ATP can be used in millimolar concentrations. It must be notedthat in gastrointestinal system it is useful to protect the carbohydrateand enzyme if used from the gastric acid.

Transfer of a Carbohydrate Conjugated to an Immunologically Activeand/or a Toxic Carbohydrate

In a preferred embodiment the carbohydrate is conjugated to animmunologically active and/or toxic, and the conjugate can betransferred to the surface of a pathogenic entity. The modifiedcarbohydrates can be transferred to acceptors especially related topathogenic conditions, like cancer specific oligosaccharide sequences oroligosaccharides present on pathogens like viruses, bacteria orparasites. The invention is especially directed to the use of modifiedmonosaccharides for the treatment of diseases like infections, cancersand malignancies.

The modified monosaccharide is specifically targeted to the surface ofthe pathogenic entity by a glycosyltransfer reaction or reactions. Theglycosyltransfer reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme, preferentially atransglycosylating enzyme or a glycosyltransferase enzyme, whichrecognize an acceptor oligosaccharide present on the surface of thepathogenic entity. The transglycosylating enzyme or glycosyltransferaseenzyme is preferentially present in the patient, more preferentially thetransferase is present in serum (and/or other fluids) of the patient.The transglycosylating enzyme or glycosyltransferase enzyme ispreferentially present in a high concentration close to the pathogenicentity, like enzymes effectively secreted or effectively produced asmembrane proteins by the pathogenic entity. In a specific embodimentglycosyltransferase or transglycosylating enzyme is used together withthe modified monosaccharide. The enzyme may be added to increase thetransfer of the modified monosaccharide. When the addedglycosyltransferring enzyme is used in vivo it is preferentially insoluble form and not antigenic. Preferred glycosyltransferring enzymeinclude natural serum, urine and other soluble forms ofglycosyltransferases of the patient.

In a preferred embodiment the transglycosylating enzyme is atranssialidase enzyme. The glycosyltransferase enzyme is preferentiallygalactosyltransferase, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase,N-acetylgalactosaminyltransfrase, fucosyltransferase, sialyltransferase,mannosyltransferase, xylosyltransferase, glucuronyltransferase orglucosyltransferase. More preferentially the glycosyltransferase enzymeis β4galactosyltransferase, β3galactosyltransferase,β3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, β2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase,β6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, α3sialyltransferase,α6sialyltransferase, α3facosyltransferase, α2fucosyltransferase orα6fucosyltransferase. In a specific embodiment the transglycosylatingenzyme or glycosyltransferase enzyme transfers a monosaccharide specificfor the pathogenic entity like rhamnose, KDO, heptose or furanosemonosaccharide residues present on bacteria. Many parasites can alsotransfer monosaccharides, which are normally not present in human body.

The modified monosaccharides to be used with glycosyltransferases arepreferentially nucleotide sugar derivatives or analogs thereof, alsoother modified glycosides may be transferred by glycosyltransferases.For transglycosylation the modified monosaccharide may be a glycosideslike phenyl- or paranitrophenyl-glycoside. The glycosyltransferases areknown to tolerate numerous modifications on the donor substrates.Preferentially the nucleotide sugar derivative or analog is derivativeof UDP-Gal or UDP-GalNAc where the toxic substance or immunologicallyactive carbohydrate is linked to carbon number 2 or carbon number 6 ofthe Gal or GalNAc residue or a derivative or analog of UDP-GlcNAc orUDP-Glc where the toxic substance or immunologically active carbohydrateis linked to carbon number 2 or 6 of the Gic or GlcNAc residue or or aderivative or analog of GDP-Fuc where the toxic substance orimmunologically active carbohydrate is linked to carbon number 6 of thefucose residue or, an analog or a derivative of CMP-NeuNAc or CMP-sialicacid where the toxic substance or immunologically active carbohydrate islinked to carbon number 5, 7, 8, and/or 9 of the NeuNAc or sialic acidresidue. Conjugates of NeuNAc and general methods of making nucleotidesugar conjugates have been further described in WO03031464A2.

The specificity of the transfer reactions is based on the specificity ofthe glycosyltranstransferring enzymes. The transfer is usually specificfor both donor and acceptor substrates. For example specific types ofgalactosyltransferases or β1-3N-acetylglucosaminyltransfeases are knownwhich can quite specifically transfer to certain O-glycan, N-glycan orpolylactosamine structures. Use of soluble patient typeglycosyltransferase, which is specific or quite specific for thecarbohydrates acceptors present on the pathogenic entity, together witha modified nucleotide sugar is preferred. The patient type transfrasemeans the natural enzyme present in the patient, for example humanglycosyltransferases for human use can be produced by biotechnology orless preferentially purified from human serum or tissues. Morepreferentially the transferase is used in the form naturally present inthe part of the tissue where the therapy is used, like soluble serumform of the enzymes in serum The specificity of the transfer is alsocreated by specific presence of the acceptor structure for theglycosyltransferring enzyme like a carbohydrate, glycoconjugate,peptide, protein or lipid on the pathogenic entity and/or thelocalization of transferring enzyme or the carbohydrate to betransferred close to the pathogenic entity. The specificity against thepathogenic entity can be also created by local activation of the toxicor immunologically active carbohydrate after the transfer reaction, forexample radioactive substance may be locally activated by specificradiation.

The modified monosaccharides to be used with glycosyltransferases arepreferentially nucleotide sugar derivatives or analogs thereof, alsoother modified glycosides may be transferred by glycosyltransferases.For transglycosylation the modified monosaccharide may be a glycosideslike phenyl- or paranitrophenyl-glycoside. The glycosyltransferases areknown to tolerate numerous modifications on the donor substrates.Preferentially the nucleotide sugar derivative or analog is derivativeof UDP-Gal or UDP-GalNAc where the toxic substance or immunologicallyactive carbohydrate is linked to carbon number 2 or carbon number 6 ofthe Gal or GalNAc residue or a derivative or analog of UDP-GlcNAc orUDP-Glc where the toxic substance or immunologically active carbohydrateis linked to carbon number 2 or 6 of the Glc or GlcNAc residue or or aderivative or analog of GDP-Fuc where the toxic substance orimmunologically active carbohydrate is linked to carbon number 6 of thefucose residue or, an analog or a derivative of CMP-NeuNAc or CMP-sialicacid where the toxic substance or immunologically active carbohydrate islinked to carbon number 5, 7, 8, and/or 9 of the NeuNAc or sialic acidresidue.

The specificity of the transfer is preferentially created by specificpresence of the acceptor structure for the glycosyltransferring enzymelike a carbohydrate, glycoconjugate, peptide, protein or lipid on thepathogenic entity and/or the localization of transferring enzyme or thecarbohydrate to be transferred close to the pathogenic entity. Thespecificity against the pathogenic entity can be also created by localactivation of the toxic or immunologically active carbohydrate after thetransfer reaction, for example radioactive substance may be locallyactivated by specific radiation. The specificity of the transferreactions is based on the specificity of the glycosyltranstransferringenzymes. For example specific types of galactosyltransferases orβ1-3N-acetylglucosaminyltransfeases are known which can quitespecifically transfer to certain O-glycan, N-glycan or polylactosaminestructures. Use of soluble patient type glycosyltransferase, which isspecific or quite specific for the carbohydrates acceptors present onthe pathogenic entity, together with a modified nucleotide sugar ispreferred.

Transfer of Toxic Agents

The modified monosaccharide may comprise a toxic agent like a toxin, forexample a bacterial toxin, a cell killing chemotherapeutics medicine,such as doxorubicin (Arap et al., 1998), or a radiochemical reagentuseful for tumor destruction. Such therapies have been demonstrated andpatented in the art. The toxic agent may also cause apoptosis orregulate differentiation. The modified monosaccharide can be linked toan additional immunologically active carbohydrate according to theinvention, such as A or B blood group antigen not present in thepatient, Galα3Gal-structure, ligand of other anti-carbohydrateantibodies, including anti-carbohydrate antibodies in patient, or ligandof the defensive lectins of the immune system.

Transfer of an Immunologically Active Carbohydrate

The immunologically active carbohydrate can be an oligosaccharidesequence recognized by natural human antibodies. Numerous suchantibodies have been described. The antibodies recognize structures liketerminal N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetyimannosamine, blood group antigens,or Galα3Gal-structures. The functions of the antibodies are not knownand these may be caused by infections by bacteria carrying sucholigosaccharide sequences. ABO-blood group antibodies restrict bloodtransfusion and organ transplantations, the antibodies recognize cellsfrom transplant or transfusion and cause its rejection. Similarilyanti-Galα3Gal-antibodies prevent xenotransplantation for example frompig to human.

The previous invention showed that the terminal N-acetylglucosaminesequence is present in human tumors, indicating potential anticancerreactivity of the natural antibodies. As monovalent compounds theoligosaccharide sequences are not harmful. When the oligosaccharides orcarbohydrates, which are recognized by natural antibodies, aretransferred in polyvalent form on a cancer cell/tissue surface, theseare targeted by the natural antibodies, which leads to the distructionof the cancer cells or tumor. The terminal GlcNAc-structures andGalα3Gal-structures are generally applicable as such antibodies occurgenerally. Blood group antigens can be transferred to pathogenenicagents in patients, who have antibodies the specific blood groupantigen. For example patients who have blood O usually have antibodiesagainst blood group A and B-antigens, patients who have blood group Ausually have antibodies against B-blood group antigens and patients whohave blood group B usually have antibodies against A-blood groupantigens. Several other blood group antigen systems like P-blood groupsare known and could be used according to the invention. The antigenicstructures, which are transferred on a pathogenic entity like cancercells or microbial pathogens like bacteria or viruses or parasite arerecognized by antibodies and cause destruction of the pathogen.

Beside the natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies special antibodies canbe induced against carbohydrate structures in human. Patients orpotential future patients can be and are vaccinated against carbohydrateepitopes of various pathogenic bacteria or parasites. Specific methodsto induce immunity against cancer by cancer vaccines are also known.Preferentially the vaccine target carbohydrate structure is not exactlythe same as the patient's own, non-cancer associated, carbohydratestructures to avoid autoimmune complications. The transfer of a vaccinecarbohydrate epitope on a pathogenic entity as a immunologically activeand/or toxic carbohydrate diverts the existing immune response againstthe vaccine epitope or immune response which is induced later byvaccination towards the pathogenic agent. The method can be also used asa vaccination method and immune response may necessarily not be neededto be separately induced by vaccination. When the immunologically activeand/or toxic carbohydrate causes the destruction of the pathogenicentity, the immune responses against other components on the pathogenicentity are also induced and cause a vaccination effect. The transfermethod is also useful to increase the effect of traditionalvaccinations, the immunologically carbohydrate may be the same ordifferent from the one used in the vaccination. The methods according tothe present invention can be further used ex vivo/in vitro to modifycells such as red cell with specific antigenic structures. In apreferred embodiment the modified red cells are introduced back to thepatient to induce an immune reaction against the antigen. The methodsaccording to the invention can be further used ex vivo/in vitro tomodify cells or other type of sample from human cancer with immuneresponse inducing or antigenic carbohydrate conjugate to enhance immunereaction against cancer. The invention is further directed to the use ofthe transfer of modified carbohydrate with covalently conjugatedstructure to produce a cell based cancer vaccine from human cancer cellsor red cells. The present invention is further directed to ex vivo/invitro modifications of cells with carbohydrate antigens/or structures.These are likely to be effective immunoconjugates.

In the most general form of invention it is possibly to transfer anysubstance recognized by immune system to the surface of the pathogenicentity. Beside carbohydrates such substances include protein or peptideantigens like protein or peptide vaccine substances, non-harmful partsof peptidoglycan or lipid A of bacteria which can be transferred to cellsurface of a pathogenic entities. Moreover specific component of immunesystem like complement proteins could be transferred. Conjugates ofprotein substances could create autoimmune problems, which should beconsidered when planning conjugation chemistry. Inducing immuneresponses against conjugates of non-natural epitopes likepara-nitrophenyl is also known and can be used according to theinvention. The non-natural epitope can be transferred on the pathogenicentity alone or in combination with a vaccination type therapy againstthe non-natural epitope. Use of non-natural epitopes may reduce risks ofautoimmune reactions when the targeting technology is good enough. Thenon-natural epitope, which can be recognized by immune system, can beused as conjugate of modified monosaccharide as described below.

According to invention carbohydrate receptors of the defensive lectinsof a patient can be also used for therapy or diagnostics. Theimmunologically active carbohydrates according to the invention includescarbohydrate which can be recognized by defensive lectins of a patientlike collectins or mannose binding proteins of machophages or defensivelectins of natural killer cells. Mannose binding proteins may alsorecognize special GlcNAc and fucose containing molecules, especiallywhen the monosaccharide residues are present in polyvalent form andterminally on glycoconjugates. Natural killer cells have lectins, whichalso bind polyvalent terminal GlcNAcs. According to invention it ispossible to transfer carbohydrate receptors for the defensive lectins onpathogenic entities. Binding of the defensive lectins leads to defensivereaction against the tissue, cell or virus to which it is attached. Thedefensive reaction may be mediated by complement system or leukocyteslike macrophages or natural killer cells or by other defensive means.

The immunologically active carbohydrate can be further conjugated to atoxic agent as described below to increase the reactivity against apathogenic agent.

Humanized Antibodies

A Preferred Cancer Target

When the therapy according to the invention is targeted to cancer andterminal GlcNAc-cancer antigens as described in the present application.Galactosyltransferases like β4galactosyltransferase orβ3galactosyltransferase can be used to transfer modified Gal frommodified UDP-Gal to cell surface of the cancer cells. UDP-Gal ispreferentially modified to carbon 6 by a spacer and aGalβ3Gal-saccharide epitope. In another preferred embodiment UDP-Gal ismodified to position 2 of Gal as described by the invention. Themodified monosaccharide is transferred on the cancer cells, which arethen destroyed by immune response against Galα3Gal-saccharide. Thetransfer can be mediated by β4galactosyltransferase present in normalserum or additional purified or recombinant human byβ4galactosyltransferase. Normal serum also contains aβ3galactosyltransferase transferring to O-glycosidic GalNAc (Tn-cancerantigen), this transfer reaction also targets modified monosaccharidesto cancer cells. Several human pathogens contain mammalian typeoligosaccharide sequences like Helicobacter pylori or several Neisseriaor Haemophilus strains and to these pathogens modified monosaccharidescan be transferred by mammalian glycosyltransferases. Actually Neisseriaand a parasite Trypanosomn brucei are known to transfer sialic acidsoriginating from potential patient to their surfaces under pathogenicconditions.

Detection and Diagnostics

Furthermore the present invention is directed to methods for thedetection of the pathogenic entities or activities by the invention. Thespecific transfer of modified monosaccharides to the pathogenic entitiesallows the detection of the pathogenic entities. For this purpose themodification of the monosaccharide need not to be toxic. Themonosaccharide is modified by a label substance like a tag substanceincluding for example an antigen detectable by an antibody, biotin,digotoxigenin, digitoxin or a directly detectable substance withexamples of fluorescent substance like rhodamine or flourescein orsubstance with chemiluminesence activity or phosphorence substance or aspecific molecular mass marker detectable by mass spectrometry.

In a preferred embodiment the modified monosaccharide is labeled withtwo label compounds, which are more preferentially a tag substance and adirectly detectable substance and most preferentially a tag substancelike biotin and a mass spectrometry label. The label substance ispreferentially linked through a spacer to the modified monosaccharide.The invention is also directed to the use of said carbohydrate fordiagnostics of the pathogenic entities and diseases related to them. Theinvention is specifically directed to the use of saidcarbohydrate/carbohydrates for diagnostics of infections, cancer andmalignancies. The invention is especially directed to the use ofimmunologically active or toxic carbohydrate for the treatment diseaseslike infections, cancers and malignancies. Preferentially the cellsurface carbohydrates are labeled by the modified monosaccharide.Modified monosaccharides aimed for detection are useful for detection ofcertain congenital disorders of glycosylation and under-sialylated LDL.Especially useful are labeled nucleotide sugars.

In a specific embodiment the the mofied monosaccharide are labeled withbiotin and mass spectrometric labels. The modified monosaccharide aretransferred by glycosyltransferring enzyme or enzymes, preferentially bya β4galactosyltransferase, to cell prepararations, the biotinylatedfraction is purified and analyzed by mass spectrometry to revealdifference of expression of the glycosyltransferase acceptors.Preferentially glycopeptides produced by proteolysis of the sample areanalyzed and recognized by mass spectrometry. In a preferred embodimentthe method is used to detect difference of O-linked GlcNAc expressionlevels in cells under different conditions. Preferentially thedifferences in the same cell or tissue type are detected under differentconditions. For the detection of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine theintracellular proteins should be accessible in the cell preparation. TheO-linked GlcNAc is known to be associated with different pathogenicconditions like diabetes.

The target oligosaccharide sequences of the invention can be a part of aglycolipid, a part of a glycoprotein, and/or a part of aN-acetyllactosamine chain. The oligosaccharide sequences onglycoproteins can also be a part of N-linked glycans or O-linked glycansof glycoproteins. Defects or changes in biosynthetic and/orbiodegradative pathways of tumors lead to the synthesis of theoligosaccharide sequences of the invention both on glycolipids andglycoproteins. Terminal N-acetylglucosamine means that the non-reducingend GlcNAc residue in an oligosaccharide chain is not substituted by anyother monosaccharide. The term oligosaccharide sequence indicates thatthe monosaccharide residue/residues in the sequence are part of a largerglycoconjugate, which contains other monosaccharide residues in a chain,which may be branched, or natural substituted modifications ofoligosaccharide chains. The oligosaccharide chain is normally conjugatedto a lipid anchor or to a protein.

The methods of treatment or the pharmaceutical compositions describedabove are especially preferred for the treatment of cancer diagnosed toexpress the cancer specific oligosaccharide sequences of the invention.The methods of treatment or the pharmaceutical compositions can be usedtogether with other methods of treatment or pharmaceutical compositionsfor the treatment of cancer. Preferably the other methods orpharmaceutical compositions comprise cytostatics, anti-angiogenicpharmaceuticals, anti-cancer proteins, such as interferons orinterleukins, or a use of radioactivity.

Transfer of a Non-Modified Carbohydrates for Therapy

In a specific embodiment the pathogenesis preventing carbohydrate is anatural type of monosaccharide, which is covalently transferred to apathogenesis-inducing carbohydrate receptor in vivo and blocks thepathogenesis-inducing carbohydrate receptor. The pathogenesis-inducingcarbohydrate receptor is a defective glycosylation caused by aglycosylation disorder, or special glycosylation present in anautoimmune disease, a receptor carbohydrate in a pathogen-hostinteraction or a receptor carbohydrate present in a cancer-patientinteraction, including metastasis. In preferred embodiments the transferoccurs in vivo for treatment of a disease. Preferentially a natural typeof nucleotide sugar is used. The use of natural types of nucleotidesugars is directed to for treatment of glycosylation disorders,autoimmune diseases and infections, cancer and malignancies.Preferentially the transfer occurs to the surface of the pathogenicentity or entities. It is realized in the present invention that it ispossible to perform glycosyltransfer reactions in vivo and that this isuseful for therapeutics. According to present innovation it is alsopossible to administer nucleotide sugar or nucleotide sugar and anatural type of glycosyltransferase to a patient suffering from aglycosylation related disease and to at least partially correct thedisorder. For example nucleotide sugars administered to bloodcirculation of patients suffering from some of the congenital disordersof glycosylation can be at least partially treated by administeringappropriate nucleotide sugars to the patient, for example especiallyUDP-Gal, GDP-Fuc and GDP-Man but in some cases also other nucleotidesugars like UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-Glc, UDP-Xyl, UDP-GlcA and CMP-NeuNAc couldbe useful for such therapies. Part of the glycosyltransferase reactionscould occur in serum of patient by transferases of serum.

Special activated salt of nucleotide sugar are described. Essentiallypure manganese, magnesium or calsium salts of the nucleotide sugars ormodified nucleotide sugars are useful pharmaceutical or therapeutical ornutritional compositions or for preparation of the composition, whichcan be used according to invention. Also pharmaceutical or therapeuticalcomposition comprising nucleotide sugars or modified nucleotide sugarstogether with Mn²⁺, Ca²⁺ or/and Mg²⁺ ions are preferred according to theinvention. These ions can activate glycosyltransferase reactions and/orprotect the nucleotide sugars or modified nucleotide sugars fromdegradation in patient. Special phosphatase resistant, butglycosyltransfer active forms of nucleotide sugars can be used, forexample a form of sulphur-substituted phosphate ester. UDP-Gal describedin the literature. The manganese salts are tolerable in bloodcirculation only in very low concentrations, due to neurotoxicity. Lowamounts of manganese form of nucleotide sugars can be used ingastro-intestinal system or for example when injected to urinary bladderor directly to the tumor. For systemic use, calsium and/or magnesium ioncomplexes of the nucleotide sugars or use of tolerable calsium ormagnesium salts together with nucleotide sugars is preferred. In apreferred embodiment highest tolerable levels of calsium or magnesiumions, most preferably the Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺-ions in complex with nucleotidesugar and/or as tolerable salts with the nucleotide sugars are used innatural ratio of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in serum.

In a specific embodiment N-acetylneuraminic acid can be transferred inserum for example from CMP-NeuNAc to under sialylated low densitylipoprotein particles (LDL) to prevent diseases caused byunderssialylation of LDL.

In a preferred embodiment a nucleotide sugar or nucleotide sugars areused together with a glycosyltransferase to transfer monosaccharides tocarbohydrate receptors of host microbe interaction. In a previousapplication a terminal GlcNAc-containing receptor for gastric pathogenHelicobacter pylori was described and the following applicationdescribed prevention of the synthesis of the receptor by inhibitingglycosidases. According to present invention it is possible to preventthe adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to the receptor by a compositioncomprising UDP-Gal and galactosyltransferase.

When the nucleotide sugars or nucleotide sugars and glycosyltransferasesare administerd orally, these can also perform in vivo glycosylationreactions to create probiotic or antibacterial oligosaccharides orglycoconjugates for example from lactose and also create receptor forprobiotic bacteria on patients glycoconjugates or mask receptor forpathogenic bacteria.

Functional food compositions containing nucleotide sugars can beproduced according to the invention. In a preferred embodiment thefunctional food contains both nucleotide sugars andglycosyltransferases. Preferential functional food composition is infantfood, more preferentially infant formula. Human milk and other mammalianmilks are known to contain nucleotide sugars and glycosyltransferases,therefore natural type of the substances of the patients species areuseful and well tolerated.

Preferred amounts of the nucleotide sugar or nucleotide sugars or thesein combination with one or more glycosyltransferases to be used varyfrom 5-500% of average the daily doses/kg obtained from milk. Thenucleotide sugars are preferentially GDP-Fuc, CMP-NeuNAc, UDP-GlcNAc andUDP-Gal, other possible nucleotide sugars are GDP-Man, UDP-Xyl, UDP-GlcAand UDP-Glc. The monosaccharide residues on the nucleotide sugars arealso useful as direct inhibitors of bacterial adhesion. In the presentinvention it is realized for the first time that nucleotide sugars andtheir degradation products like monosaccharide-1-phosphates areespecially desired natural type glycoconjugates because these do notform non-enzymatic glycation end products, so called advanced glycationend products (AGEs) like free monosaccharides. For example, formammalian species nucleotide monophosphates and nucleotide sugars aremajor type of monosaccharide conjugates beside glycolipids.

Use of Antibodies, Preferably from Animals, in Gastrointestinal and FoodRelated Applications

The present invention is specifically directed to the use of substancesand antibodies binding to tumor specific oligosaccharide sequencesaccording to the present invention for theraphies in gastrointestinaltract of the patient, preferably in human patient. The therapheuticantibodies for use in human gastrointestinal tract may be antibodiesproduced by animals for example antibodies in milks of domestic animals,for example in milk of domestic ruminants such as cows, sheep, goat orbuffalo or antibodies produced in hen eggs. The animals can be immunizedtumor specific carbohydrate conjugates as known in the art. The presentinvention is also directed to other acceptable, preferably foodacceptable proteins which can be used inhibition or destruction oftumors in human gastrointestinal tract, such substances includes plantlectins which are specific for the tumor specific oligosaccharidesequences. The present invention is directed to functional foods andfood additives containing antibodies recognizing the tumor specificoligosaccharide sequences according to the present invention ingastrointestinal tract, the present invention is directed also use ofother food acceptable substances especially lectins binding to the tumorspecific oligosaccharide sequences of gastrointestinal tract infunctional foods or as food additives.

Screening of Substances Binding to the Tumor Specific Terminal GlcNAcs

The present invention is specifically directed to the use of the tumorspecific terminal-GlcNAc-oligosaccharide sequences for the screening ofspecific binders with regard to the structures. The screening allowsfinding of optimal binding substances for the tumor specificoligosaccharide sequences according to the present invention. Thespecific binders may be therapheutic or diagnostic antibodies or othermolecules binding to the glycans as described by the present inventionabove.

The screening of the substances binding to the oligosaccharide sequencesaccording to the invention may be performed in an enzyme linkedimmonoassays (so called ELISA-assays). Direct binding can be measuredfor example when either the binding substance or theterminal-GlcNAc-glycan structure is linked to a solid phase matrix.

Free oligosaccharides or oligosaccharide conjugates according to thepresent invention can be also used as specific inhibitors in the assays.Fluoresence polararization difference and NMR are examples of liquidphase methods to be used for screening of the substances binding to theoligosaccharide sequences according to the invention.

Cancer Vaccines

Furthermore, according to the invention the tumor specificoligosaccharide sequences or analogs or derivatives thereof can be usedas cancer or tumor vaccines in man to stimulate immune response toinhibit or eliminate cancer or tumor cells. The treatment may notnecessarily cure cancer or tumor but it can reduce tumor burden orstabilize a cancer condition and lower the metastatic potential ofcancers. For the use as vaccines the oligosaccharides or analogs orderivatives thereof can be conjugated, for example, to proteins such asBSA or keyhole limpet hemocyanin, lipids or lipopeptides, bacterialtoxins such as cholera toxin or heat labile toxin, peptidoglycans,immunoreactive polysaccharides, or to other molecules activating immunereactions against a vaccine molecule. A cancer or tumor vaccine may alsocomprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally anadjuvant. Suitable carriers or adjuvants are, e.g., lipids known tostimulate the immune response. The saccharides or derivatives or analogsthereof, preferably conjugates of the saccharides, can be injected oradministered mucosally, such as orally or nasally, to a cancer patientwith tolerated adjuvant molecule or adjuvant molecules. The cancer ortumor vaccine can be used as a medicine in a method of treatment againstcancer or tumor. Preferably the method is used for the treatment of ahuman patient. Preferably the method of treatment is used for thetreatment of cancer or tumor of a patient, who is underimmunosuppressive medication or the patient is suffering fromimmunodeficiency.

Furthermore it is possible to produce a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising the tumor specific oligosaccharide sequences or analogs orderivatives thereof for the treatment of cancer or tumor. Preferably thepharmaceutical composition is used for the treatment of a human patient.Preferably the pharmaceutical composition is used for the treatment ofcancer or tumor, when patient is under immunosuppressive medication orhe/she is suffering from immunodeficiency. The methods of treatment orthe pharmaceutical compositions described above are especially preferredfor the treatment of cancer or tumor diagnosed to express the tumorspecific oligosaccharide sequences of the invention. The methods oftreatment or the pharmaceutical compositions can be used together withother methods of treatment or pharmaceutical compositions for thetreatment of cancer or tumor. Preferably the other methods orpharmaceutical compositions comprise cytostatics, anti-angiogenicpharmaceuticals, anti-cancer proteins, such as interferons orinterleukins, or a use of radioactivity.

Use of antibodies for the diagnostics of cancer or tumor and for thetargetting of drugs to cancer has been described with other antigens andoligosaccharide structures (U.S. Pat. No. 4,851,511; U.S. Pat. No.4,904,596; U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,060; U.S. Pat. No. 6,025,481; U.S. Pat.No. 5,795,961; U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,557; U.S. Pat. No. 5,059,520; U.S.Pat. No. 5,171,667; U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,292; U.S. Pat. No. 6,090,789;U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,163; U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,725 and U.S. Pat. No.6,203,999). Use of cancer specific oligosaccharides as cancer vaccineshas also been demonstrated with other oligosaccharide sequences (U.S.Pat. No. 5,102,663; U.S. Pat. No. 5,660,834; U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,048;U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,289 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,083,929).

Combination of the Therapheutic and Diagnostic Methods

Present invention is specifically directed to analysis of abnormal andnormal glycosylation structures from human tumors and cancers and use ofthe analyticall information for the production of therapheuticantibodies or cancer vaccines according to the invention. Presentinvention is specifically directed to treatment of cancer includingfollowing steps:

-   -   1. analysis of glycosylation of tumor or cancer tissue of a        patient    -   2. analysis of normal glycosylation of the tissue containing the        cancer    -   3. Use of the theraphies according to the present invention if        the patient has tumor specific oligosaccharide sequences        according to the present invention in cancer but does not have        the tumor specific oligosaccharide sequences or has these in        much lower extent on cell surfaces in the normal tissue.

The data in examples shows the usefulness of the combination of analysisof the tumor specific structures according to the invention, becausethere are individual variations in glycosylation of tumors and normaltissues. The normal tissue close to tumor may also be contaminatedpartially contaminated by materials secreted by tumor which may be takento consideration when analyzing the normal tissue data.

The substance according to the invention can be attached to a carrier.Methods for the linking of oligosaccharide sequences to a monovalent ormultivalent carrier are known in the art. Preferably the conjugation isperformed by linking the cancer specific oligosaccharide sequences oranalogs or derivatives thereof from the reducing end to a carriermolecule. When using a carrier molecule, a number of molecules of asubstance according to the invention can be attached to one carrierincreasing the stimulation of immune response and the efficiency of theantibody binding. To achieve an optimal antibody production, conjugateslarger than 10 kDa carrying typically more than 10 oligosaccharidesequences are preferably used.

The oligosaccharide sequences according to the invention can besynthesized, for example, enzymatically by glycosyltransferases, or bytransglycosylation catalyzed by a glycosidase enzyme or atransglycosidase enzyme, for review see Ernst et al., 2000.Specificities of the enzymes and their use of co-factors such asnucleotide sugar donors, can be engineered. Specific modified enzymescan be used to obtain more effective synthesis, for example,glycosynthase is modified to achieve transglycosylation but notglycosidase reactions. Organic synthesis of the saccharides andconjugates of the invention or compounds similar to these are known(Ernst et al., 2000). Carbohydrate materials can be isolated fromnatural sources and be modified chemically or enzymatically intocompounds according to the invention. Natural oligosaccharides can beisolated from milks of various ruminants and other animals. Transgenicorganisms, such as cows or microbes, expressing glycosylating enzymescan be used for the production of saccharides.

It is possible to incorporate an oligosaccharide sequence according tothe invention, optionally with a carrier, in a pharmaceuticalcomposition, which is suitable for the treatment of cancer or tumor in apatient. Examples of conditions treatable according to the invention arecancers in which the tumor expresses one or more of the tumor specificoligosaccharides described in the invention. The treatable cancer casescan be discovered by detecting the presence of the tumor specificoligosaccharide sequences in a biological sample taken from a patient.Said sample can be a biopsy or a blood sample.

The pharmaceutical composition according to the invention may alsocomprise other substances, such as an inert vehicle, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers, preservatives etc., which are well known to personsskilled in the art.

The substance or pharmaceutical composition according to the inventionmay be administered in any suitable way. Methods for the administrationof therapheutic antibodies or vaccines are well-known in the art

The term “treatment” used herein relates to both treatment in order tocure or alleviate a disease or a condition, and to treatment in order toprevent the development of a disease or a condition. The treatment maybe either performed in a acute or in a chronic way.

The term “patient”, as used herein, relates to any mammal in need oftreatment according to the invention.

When a tumor specific oligosaccharide or compound specificallyrecognizing tumor specific oligosaccharides of the invention is used fordiagnosis or typing, it may be included, e.g., in a probe or a teststick, optionally in a test kit. When this probe or test stick isbrought into contact with a sample containing antibodies from a cancerpatient or cancer cells or tissue of a patient, components of a cancerpositive sample will bind the probe or test stick and can be thusremoved from the sample and further analyzed.

In the present invention the term “tumor” means solid multicellulartumor tissues. Furthermore the term “tumor” means herein premalignanttissue, which is developing to a solid tumor and has tumor specificcharacteristics. The term “tumor” is not referring herein to a singlecell cancer such as a leukaemia or to cultured cancer cells or a clusterof such cells. The present invention is preferably directed to primaryhuman cancer samples. It is well known that glycosylations in cultivatedcancer cells vary and are not in general relevant with regerd to cancer.It is also known that transfections, cell culture media and dividingsolid tumor to single cells may have daramatic effects forglycosylations. When referring to theraphies tumor specificoligosaccharides or oligosaccharide sequences (possibly occasionallyreferred as cancer specific oligosaccharides/oligosaccharide sequences)are targeted for treatment of all kinds of cancers and tumors. The termcancer includes tumors.

The present invention is specifically directed to the treatment of alltypes of cancer or tumors expressing the tumor specific oligosaccharidesequences according to the present invention. Examples of preferredcancer types includes cancers of larynx, colon cancer, stomach cancerand lung cancer. These cancer types are especially preferred for theN-glycan type terminal GlcNAc related methods and compositions accordingto the present invention. Lung cancer is a preferred target for theprotein linked GlcNAc related methods and compositions according to thepresent invention. The O-glycan type substances are especially preferredfor use in methods and compositions according to the present inventionfor ovarian cancer and mucinous carcinomas, especially for ovarianadenocarcinomas. In a preferred embodiment the terminalGlcNAc-structures of poly-N-acetyllactosamine type is used for theraphyor diagnostics of hypernephroma cancers. The present invention is alsospecifically directed to the treatment according to the presentinvention for any type of cancer or tumor which has surface expressionof the terminal GlcNAc-structures according to the present invention.

Glycolipid and carbohydrate nomenclature is according to recommendationsby the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (Carbohydr. Res.1998, 322:167; Carbohydr. Res. 1997, 297:1; Eur. J. Biochem. 1998,257:29).

It is assumed that Gal, Glc, GlcNAc, and NeuNAc are of theD-configuration, Fuc of the L-configuration, and that all monosaccharideunits are in the pyranose form. Glucosamine is referred as GlcN andgalactosamine as GalN. Glycosidic linkages are shown partly in shorterand partly in longer nomenclature, the linkages α3 and (α6 of theNeuNAc-residues mean the same as (α2-3 and α2-6, respectively, and β1-3,β1-4, and β1-6 can be shortened as β3, β4, and β6, respectively.Lactosamine or N-acetyllactosamine or Galβ3/4GlcNAc means either typeone structure residue Galβ3GlcNAc or type two structure residueGalβ1-4GlcNAc, and sialic acid is N-acetylneuraminic acid or NeuNAc, Lacrefers to lactose and Cer is ceramide.

The present invention is further illustrated in examples, which in noway are intended to limit the scope of the invention:

EXAMPLES Example 1

Culturing and Labelling of Bacteria

The recombinant G-fimbriated Escherichia coli strain IHE11088 (pRR-5),expressing the GlcNAc-recognizing GafD adhesin (Rhen, M. et al., 1986),was cultured in Luria broth containing tetracyclin (25 μg/ml) and 10 μl[³⁵S]-methionine (400 mCi; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Little Chalfont,UK) at 37° C. over night. The bacteria were harvested by centrifugation,washed two times with phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.2 (PBS), andresuspended in PBS to 1×10⁹ CPU/ml. The specific activities wereapproximately 100 CFU/cpm.

Labelling of Erythrina cristagalli Lectin

The Galβ4GlcNAcβ-binding lectin from Erythrina cristagalli (Teneberg etal., 1994) was purchased from Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame,Calif. Batches of 100 μg protein were labelled with ¹²⁵I, using Na¹²⁵I(100 mCi/ml; Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), according to the IODO-GENprotocol of the manufacturer (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.). Approximately5×10³ cpm/μg protein was obtained.

Glycosphingolipid Binding Assays

Binding of radiolabeled bacteria and lectin to glycosphingolipidsseparated on thin-layer chromatograms was done as reported previously(Teneberg et al., 1994, Hansson et al., 1985). Thin-layer chromatographyof glycosphingolipids was performed on aluminium-backed silica gel 60HPTLC plates (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), usingchloroform/methanol/water 60:35:8 (by volume) as solvent system. Driedchromatograms were dipped for 1 min in diethylether/n-hexane 1:5 (byvolume) containing 0.5% (w/v) polyisobutylmethacrylate (Aldrich Chem.Comp. Inc., Milwaukee, Wis.). After drying, the chromatograms weresoaked in PBS containing 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) (w/v), 0.1% NaN₃(w/v) for 2 hr at room temperature. The chromatograms were subsequentelycovered with radiolabelled bacteria diluted in PBS (2-5×10⁶ cpm/ml) orradiolabelled lectin in BSA (2×10³ cpm/ml). Incubation was done for 2 hrat room temperature, followed by repeated washings with PBS. Thechromatograms were thereafter exposed to XAR-5X-ray films (EastmanKodak, Rochester, N.Y.) for 12 hr.

Example 2

Demonstration of Tumor Specificity of Terminal GlcNAc Structure.

Thin-layer overlay assays were performed with radiolabelled G-fimbriatedEscherichia coli to screen various tumors and normal tissues. The E.coli strain IHE11088 (pRR-5) specifically recognizes terminalGlcNAcβ-structures (Rhen, M. et al. 1986). Binding active glycolipidswere found in non-acid fraction from one of four hypemephroma tumorsstudied (FIG. 1). No binding was observed towards corresponding fractionof non-acid glycosphingolipids from human normal kidney or to othercontrol tissues studied.

Example 3

Characterizations of Terminal GlcNAcβ-Structures from HumanHypernephroma.

Non-acid glycosphingolipids from human hypernephroma tumor werefractionated and analysed by binding with the GlcNAcβ-specificG-fimbriated E. coli (FIG. 1A) and lectin from Erythrina cristagalliwhich recognizes terminal Galβ4GlcNAcβ-structures (FIG. 2B) bythin-layer overlay assay. The two binding reagents show partiallyoverlapping glycospingolipid binding species. The data indicates thatthe terminal GlcNAc-species are mostly present on N-acetyllactosaminetype non-acid glycosphingolipids. The terminal GlcNAc-species which donot have an overlap with lectin binding activity have most probablyterminal structures where N-acetyllactosamine is derivatized by GlcNAcsuch as GlcNAcβ3Galβ3/4GlcNAcβ-; diffuse bands probably also indicatesthe presence of an isomeric form GlcNAcβ6Galβ3/4GlcNAcβ-. The samplealso appears to contain minor species where the terminal GlcNAc andN-acetyllactosamine are present in the same glycolipid. This indicatesthe presence of branched structures such as

-   Galβ3/4GlcNAcβ3(GlcNAcβ6)Galβ3/4GlcNAcβ- and-   GlcNAcβ3(Galβ3/4GlcNAcβ6)Galβ3/4GlcNAcβ-; the size distribution of    the glycosphingolipids probably also indicates species with two or    even more terminal GlcNAcs. The binding of the Erythrina cristagalli    lectin indicates that most of the lactosamine probably has the type    two N-acetyllactosamine structure Galβ4GlcNAc.

The glycolipids were partially analyzed by FAB mass spectrometry and byEI masspectrometry after permethylation, which showed presence ofterminal HexNAc and that the smallest species with terminal GlcNAc is apentasaccharide glycosphingolipid probably of lacto or neolacto series.Also 7-meric and larger structures up to 15-mer were observed (FIG. 1).The binding of the lectins indicates that most of the lactosamineprobably has the type two N-acetylactosamine structure.

Example 4

Materials and Methods for Protein Linked Structures and Labeling byGalactosyltransferase

Isolation of glycans from formalin-fixed or formalin-fixed andparaffin-embedded tissue samples. Prior to glycan isolation fromformalin-fixed samples, proteins were enriched by chloroform-methanolextraction essentially as described in (Manzi et al., 2000).Quantitative extraction of glycoproteins was confirmed by radioactivelylabelled glycoprotein standards (not shown). Prior to glycan isolationfrom formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples, the samples weredeparaffinised. Glycans were detached from sample glycoproteins bynon-reductive β-elimination and purified by chromatographic methods.

MALDI-TOF MS. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was performed with aVoyager-DE STR BioSpectrometry Workstation, essentially as in (Saarinenet al., 1999; Papac et al., 1996; Harvey, 1993).

Exoglycosidase digestions. All exoglycosidase reactions were performedessentially as described in (Nyman et al., 1998; Saarinen et al., 1999)and analysed by MALDI-TOF MS. The enzymes and their specific controlreactions with characterised oligosaccharides were:βN-acetylglucosaminidase (Streptococcus pneumoniae, recombinant, E.coli; Calbiochem, USA) digested GlcNAcβ1-6Gal-R but notGalNAcβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3/6Gal-R; β1,4-galactosidase (Streptococcuspneumnoniae, recombinant, E. coli; Calbiochei, USA) digestedGalβ1-4GlcNAc-R but not Galβ1-3GlcNAc-R; α-mannosidase (Jack bean;Glyko, UK) transformed a mixture of high-mannose N-glycans to theMan₁GlcNAc₂ N-glycan core trisaccharide. Control digestions wereperformed in parallel and analysed similarly to the analyticalexoglycosidase reactions.

Synthesis of UDP-GalN-biotin. UDP-galactosamine (UDP-GalN) is formedfrom UDP-Glc and galactosamine-1-phosphate by the action ofgalactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (E.C. 2.7.7.12; Sigma, USA). Atypical synthesis protocol is described below. The reaction mixturecontains 10 mM galactosamine-1-phosphate, 20 mM UDP-Glc, 5 U/ml ofgalactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, 100 mM Na-HEPES pH 8.0, 5 mMMgCl₂, and 5 mM β-mercaptoethanol. The reaction vessel is incubated atroom temperature under nitrogen atmosphere for 3 days, after whichnucleotide sugars are isolated from the reaction mixture with agraphitised carbon column essentially as in (Mäki et al., 2002). Thenucleotide sugar mixture, containing UDP-Glc and UDP-GalN, is incubatedwith a molar excess of sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamido)hexanoate(sulfo-NHS-LC-biotin; Pierce, USA) in 50 mM NH₄HCO₃ at room temperaturefor 2.5 hours. The product, UDP-GalN-biotin, uridine5′-diphospho-N-(6-biotinamidohexanoyl)galactosamine, is purified by gelfiltration and reversed phase HPLC.

Labeling of terminal GlcNAc residues in oligosaccharides and tissuesections with UDP-GalN-biotin. N-(6-biotinamidohexanoyl)galactosaminecan be transferred from UDP-GalN-biotin to a terminal GlcNAc containingacceptor with a recombinant β1,4-galactosyltransferase similar to theenzyme described in (Ramakrishnan and Qasba, 2002). In a typicalprocedure, an oligosaccharide acceptor such asGlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc, or deparaffinised formalin-fixedparaffin-embedded tissue sections, are incubated at +37° C. with areaction mixture containing 10 mM UDP-GalN-biotin, 160 U/I enzyme, 100mM Tris-HCl, and 20 mM MnCl₂. After washing, the biotin groups arevisualised by standard methods in the art, using streptavidin or avidincoupled reagents, for example streptavidin-FITC.

Labeling of terminal GlcNAc residues in tissue sections withUDP-[¹⁴C]Gal. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections weredeparaffinised and incubated at +37° C. with a reaction mixturecontaining UDP-[¹⁴C]Gal, 200 U/I bovine milk β1,4-galactosyltransferase(Calbiochem, USA), 50 mM Na-MOPS pH 7.4, and 20 mM MnCl₂. After washing,the labelled sections were subjected to autoradiography. N-glycans weredetached from the tissue sections with Chryseobacterium meningosepticumN-glycosidase F (Calbiochem, USA) essentially as in (Nyman et al.,1998). Chromatography was performed as described in figure legends toFIGS. 7A and 7B.

Example 5

Cancer-associated terminal GlcNAc containing N-glycans from lungadenocarcinoma samples. Formalin-fixed samples, from tumor andsurrounding healthy tissue, were obtained from a patient with lungadenocarcinoma. There was a significant difference between the neutralglycans isolated from the tumor sample (FIG. 3A) and the healthy tissuesample (FIG. 3B), namely a peak at m/z 1485.48, corresponding to the ion[Hex₃HexNAc₄Fuc₁+Na]⁺ (calc. m/z 1485.53). The relative intensity ofthis glycan peak was elevated over 6.1 times in the tumor sample, ascompared to healthy tissue. Furthermore, a peak at m/z 1647.53,corresponding to the ion [Hex₄HexNAc₄Fuc₁+Na]⁺ (calc. m/z 1647.59), hada higher signal intensity in the tumor sample. Uponβ-N-acetylglucosaminidase digestion (FIG. 3C), the two peaks werecompletely transformed into peaks at m/z 1079.18, corresponding to theion [Hex₃HexNAc₂Fuc₁+Na]⁺ (calc. m/z 1079.38), and 1444.24,corresponding to the ion [Hex₄HexNAc₃Fuc₁+Na]⁺ (calc. m/z 1444.51),respectively, indicating the presence of terminal β-GlcNAc residues.Jack bean α-mannosidase digestion (FIG. 3D) further transformed thesepeaks into peaks at m/z 755.19, corresponding to the ion[Hex₁HexNAc₂Fuc₁+Na]⁺ (calc. m/z 755.27), and 1282.29, corresponding tothe ion [Hex₃HexNAc₃Fuc₁+Na]⁺ (calc. m/z 1282.45), respectively.However, α-mannosidase digestion before the β-N-acetylglucosaminidasedigestion did not affect the two peaks, indicating that the α-Manresidues were subterminal to the P-GlcNAc residues. In addition,β1,4-galactosidase digestion of the original neutral glycan samplecompletely transformed the peak at m/z 1647.5 into the peak at m/z1485.5, indicating the presence of a terminal Galβ1-4GlcNAc unit. Takentogether, the results suggest that the lung adenocarcinoma tumor samplecontained highly elevated amounts of the complex N-linked glycan corestructureGlcNAcβ-Manα1-6(GlcNAcβ-Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-6)GlcNAc, andslightly elevated amounts of the mono-β1,4-galactosylated (to GlcNAc)derivative of the former structure, as compared to the surroundinghealthy tissue.

Example 6

Occurrence of the terminal GlcNAc containing N-glycans in carcinomasamples. The occurrence of the abovementioned structures in varioustumor and healthy control samples was studied by isolating and analysingthe neutral glycan fractions by MALDI-TOF MS and exoglycosidasedigestions. The analysed tumor-control pairs were: 7 lung cancer samplepairs, and one pair each of colon, stomach, and larynx cancer samples.It turned out that in every case the relative abundance of the twoterminal GlcNAc containing N-glycan at m/z 1485.5, was elevated in thecancerous sample. However, there were significant individual differencesin the expression levels of this glycan epitope both in the healthystate and in cancer. Table 1 summarizes the differential expression ofthe m/z 1485.5 N-glycan in relation to the bulk of the isolated neutralglycan fraction.

Example 7

Synthesis of UDP-GalN-biotin. UDP-galactosamine was synthesized asdescribed under Materials and Methods. The product was characterized byMALDI-TOF MS (obs. m/z 564.42 for [C₁₅H₂₅N₃O₁₆P₂—H]⁻, calc. m/z 564.31);FIG. 4A) and the expected peak appeared in the mass spectrum one massunit smaller than the peak of UDP-Glc (obs. m/z 565.37 for[C₁₅H₂₄N₂O₁₇P₂—H]⁻, calc. m/z 565.29); FIG. 4A). The crude nucleotidesugar preparate was reacted with a biotinylation reagent, namelysuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamido)hexanoate. After the reaction, the expectedproduct could be seen in the MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of the reactionmixture (obs. m/z 902.93 for [C₃₁H₅₀N₆O₁₉P₂S—H]⁻, calc. m/z 903.76; FIG.4B). UDP-Glc did not react at all with the biotinylation reagent. Thesynthesized UDP-GalN-biotin, uridine5′-diphospho-N-(6-biotinamidohexanoyl)galactosamine, reacted withGlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc and a recombinantβ1,4-galactosyltransferase similar to the enzyme described in(Ramakrishnan and Qasba, 2002). The product,[N-(6-biotinamidohexanoyl)galactosamine]β1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc,was characterized by MALDI-TOF MS (obs. m/z for [M+Na]⁺ 1433.38, calc.m/z 1433.55). Taken together, the results indicate that the synthesizedproduct has the expected structure (FIG. 5). The product waschromatographically purified to homogeneity.

Example 8

Labeling of terminal GlcNAc residues in tissue sections withUDP-[¹⁴C]Gal and UDP-GalN-biotin. Deparaffinised formalin-fixed andparaffin-embedded tissue sections were radioactively labeled withUDP-[¹⁴C]Gal and bovine milk 1,4-galactosyltransferase, as describedunder Materials and Methods. Autoradiography revealed a clear differencebetween the tumor and the healthy tissue samples (FIG. 6), indicatingthat there are highly elevated amounts of terminal GlcNAc residues inthe lung adenocarcinoma sample. Similar results were also obtained byusing the UDP-GalN-biotin reagent, as described under Materials andMethods, streptavin-FITC, and fluorescence microscopy. Importantly,cancer cells could be labeled with this biotinylation reagent.

Example 9

Isolation of [¹⁴C]Gal-labeled oligosaccharides from lung adenocarcinomasample. After labeling of lung adenocarcinoma sample and surroundinghealthy tissue sections with [¹⁴C]Gal as described above, the labeledoligosaccharides were isolated by N-glycosidase F digestion andnonreductive β-elimination. In the gel filtration chromatogram of theN-glycosidase F liberated glycans from lung adenocarcinoma (FIG. 7A),only one peak was visible and it coeluted with the N-glycan standardsGalβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-6(Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-6)GlcNAcandGalβ1-4[GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-6(GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-6)GlcNAc].The peak was pooled and subjected to HPLC with a porous graphitizedcarbon column (FIG. 7B), where it was divided into one major and twominor peaks. The major peak, containing nearly all of the totalradioactivity, coeluted with the N-glycan standardGalβ1-4[GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-6(GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-6)GlcNAc].

In the gel filtration HPLC chromatogram of the material liberated bynonreductive β-elimination from lung adenocarcinoma (FIG. 7C), a broadpeak, containing 45% of the total radioactivity, was found to elutebetween the void volume (at 8 ml) and the elution position of theN-glycan standardGalβ1-4[GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-6(GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-6)GlcNAc].The broad peak was pooled and passed through columns of strong cationexchange material and C₁₈ silica, which would retain all glycopeptidicmaterial, but allow for quantitative elution of free oligosaccharides.Nearly 80% of the radioactivity in the pooled fractions was retained inthe columns, indicating that the broad peak indeed corresponded toalkali-liberated glycopeptides, from which the [¹⁴C]Gal labeled glycanmoieties had not been detached. Major part of the remainingradioactivity was found to correspond to the N-glycan structuredescribed above, but the presence of other labelled oligosaccharidescould not be excluded. The major peak in the gel filtration BPLCchromatogram, containing 55% of the total radioactivity, coeluted withan N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) standard.

Example 10

Protein Linked GlcNAc from Cancer Samples

Furthermore, in graphitized carbon column HPLC of the pooled fractionsat 15-18 min. the major peak coeluted with LacNAc. This suggests thatthe sample contains base-labile GlcNAc monosaccharide-proteinconjugates, most likely GlcNAc-O-Ser/Thr units. Importantly, the amountof [¹⁴C]-labeled LacNAc was significantly (1.99 times) higher in thelung adenocarcinoma sample as compared to the surrounding healthy tissuesample.

Taken together, these results indicate that about half of the totalradioactivity that can be liberated from UDP-[¹⁴C]Gal labeled lungadenocarcinoma sample tissue sections, represents the [¹⁴C]Gal labeledforms of the cancer-associated N-glycanGlcNAcβ-Manα1-6(GlcNAcβ-Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-6)GlcNAc.Furthermore, it is evident that also in the UDP-GalN-biotin reaction,the label is transferred into the oligosaccharide structurescharacterized above.

Example 11

Isolation of anti-GlcNAc antibodies from human serum. Human serum from aperson who had recovered from mucinous ovarian adenocarcinoma, waspassed through Sepharose columns that contained eitherGlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAcα or Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAcα epitopescovalently coupled to the gel. After washing, the columns were firstlyeluted with a buffer containing 0.5 M GlcNAc (specific elution), andsecondly with acidic buffer (unspecific elution). As a control, an IgGpreparation from pooled human sera from healthy donors, i.e. persons whodid not have a history of malignant diseases, was also subjected to theabovementioned chromatographical procedure. Reducing SDS-PAGE analysiswas done to the collected fractions (FIG. 8). From the results it can beseen that two bands corresponding to proteins that had similar relativemolecular weights to the heavy and light chains of an IgG standard, wereeluted in the specific 0.5 M GlcNAc elution ofGlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAcα Sepharose, but only in the serum sample ofthe person who had recovered from cancer. In contrast, no such specificelution could be detected in Galβ14GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAcα Sepharosechromatography of the two samples. According to their relative molecularweight, the specifically eluted proteins are likely to represent theheavy and light chain subunits of IgG or IgA, but not IgM humanantibodies. The present results indicate the presence of elevated levelsof terminal GlcNAc specific antibodies in serum of the person who hadrecovered from cancer, more specifically IgG and/or IgA antibodies thatrecognize the GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAcα glycan epitope.

Example 12 Determination and Statistical Evaluation of Decreased NeutralN- and O-Glycan Galactosylation in Human Carcinomas

Galactosylation Degree Calculation.

For galactosylation degree determinations, the non-sialylated glycanfractions from non-small cell lung carcinoma and from control samplesfrom respective healthy lung tissue, were isolated and analyzed byMALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as described above. The galactosylationdegrees were calculated as follows. The relative intensities (I) ofthree peaks in the mass spectra were measured, namely those at m/z1485.5 (corresponding to the ion [Hex₃HexNAc₄dHex₁Na]⁺, with twonon-reducing terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues), m/z 1647.6(corresponding to the ion (Hex₄HexNAc₄dHex₄Na]⁺, with one non-reducingterminal N-acetyllactosamine group and one non-reducing terminalN-acetylglucosamine residue), and m/z 1809.6 (corresponding to the ion[Hex₅HexNAc₄dHex₁Na]⁺, with two non-reducing terminalN-acetyllactosamine groups). The non-reducing terminal residues of theseglycan components were previously determined as eitherN-acetylglucosamine according to sensitivity to digestion withglucosaminidase from Jack beans, or N-acetyllactosamine according tosensitivity to β-galactosidase digestion. The degree of galactosylation(DG) was calculated as the relation of galactosylated antennaeN-acetylglucosamine residues to the total antennae N-acetylglucosamineresidues, according to the formula:DG=(I _(1647.6)+2×I _(1809.6)):(2×I _(148.5)+2×I _(1647.6)+2×I_(1809.6))×100%Statistical Calculations.

Statistical analyses were performed with the SAS Software (SAS System,version 8.2, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C., USA), using SAS/STAT andSAS/BASE modules. All tests were performed as two-sided. Thedistributions of the experimental data were evaluated as 1) normal andsymmetric, 2) only symmetric, or 3) non-symmetric and not normal, andthe statistical test used was accordingly chosen as 1) Students t Test,2) Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, or 3) Sign Test. A p value of less than0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Galactosylation Degree of Neutral Monofucosylated Biantennary N-Glycansis Significantly Reduced in Non-Small Cell Lung Adenocarcinoma.

All tumor samples from a randomly picked group of 7 patients withnon-small cell lung adenocarcinoma showed a decrease in thegalactosylation degrees of neutral monofacosylated biantennaryN-glycans, when compared to the respective control samples from the samepatients. This difference is statistically significant (p=0.0156 inWilcoxon Signed Rank Test). In addition, as described above, thedifference seen in the mass spectra between tumor and healthy specimenswas correlated to radiochemical staining of tissue sections preparedfrom the same specimens, when the sections were treated with C-14labelled uridine diphosphogalactose and bovine milkβ1,4-galactosyltransferase in galactosyltransferase reactions that weredesigned to quantitate non-reducing terminal N-acetylglucosamineresidues in the sample glycoproteins. Moreover, the difference inradiochemical staining between the tumor and healthy control samples wasthe greatest when the respective difference in the degrees ofgalactosylation was the greatest, which allows for correlating the totalamount of galactosyltransferase-sensitive non-reducing terminalβ-N-acetylglucosamine residues in the tumor, with the mass spectrometricresults obtained with isolated glycans from the tissue specimen.

Individual lung carcinoma, a gastro-intestinal carcinoma, and kidneyhypernephroma patients show severely decreased non-reducing terminalgalactosylation of their glycoproteins.

In addition to the general decrease in the galactosylation degree in thelung cancer tumor samples, the analyzed samples from the patient groupincluded individuals in which the phenomenon was very drastic. In thesesamples, the N-glycan peak at m/z 1485.5 was either the most abundant orthe second most abundant neutral glycan signal in the mass spectra,indicating that the corresponding glycan structure had been specificallyaccumulated in the tumor cell glycoproteins. A similar phenomenon wasalso detected in tumor samples from individual patients of kidneycarcinoma and a gastro-intestinal carcinoma, indicating that it is notrestricted to lung carcinoma. The accumulation of non-reducing terminalβ-N-acetylglucosamine containing N-glycans also characterized theisolated tumor protein-linked glycans from a patient with kidneyhypernephroma, which had previously been analyzed for its glycolipidstructures and found to contain also glycolipids characterized bydecreased galactosylation. The latter correlation between glycoproteinand glycolipid structures further suggests that our observedaccumulation of non-reducing terminal β-N-acetylglucosamine containingglycoconjugates is a result of a general defect in galactosylation thatoccurs in various forms of cancer.

Tumor Sample from an Individual Lung Carcinoma Patient that ShowsSeverely Decreased Non-Reducing Terminal Galactosylation of O- andN-Linked Glycoprotein Glycans.

Tumor sample from a non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma patient wasstudied in detail to elucidate the structures of variousN-acetylglucosaminidase sensitive structures detected in the sample.Compared to healthy lung specimens, the mass spectrum of thenon-sialylated glycan fraction from the paraffin-embedded andformalin-fixed tumor sample showed a significantly increased amount of asignal at m/z 609.23 (for Hex₁HexNAc₂, calc. m/z 609.21 for the ion[M+Na]⁺) that can be assigned to a specific mucin-type O-glycan withspecific exoglycosidase digestion reactions and MALDI-TOF massspectrometry of the reaction products, as described below (mass spectranot shown). The above-mentioned glycan signal was not sensitive to Jackbean x-mannosidase digestion, whereas signals corresponding tohigh-mannose type N-glycans with molecular formulae Man₃₋₈GlcNAc₂ andMan₂₋₃GlcNAc₂Fuc, present in the same sample were transformed into peaksat m/z 609.16 for Hex₁HexNAc₂ and m/z 755.22 for Hex₁HexNAc₂Fuc, (calc.m/z 755.27), respectively. Similarly, β3-mannosidase digestion had noeffect on the specific peak. However, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from S.pneunmoniae did cleave the peak at m/z 609.23 that was transformed intoa peak at m/z 405.77. corresponding to Hex₁HexNAc, (calc. m/z 406.13),which indicates for the presence of a non-reducing terminalβ-N-acetylglucosamine residue in the glycan structure. In addition,recombinant β1,3-galactosidase partly transformed the peak into a peakat m/z 447.16, HexNAc₂ (calc. m/z 447.16). The present data indicatesthat a major component glycan in the peak at m/z 609.23 contains bothnon-reducing terminal β-N-acetylglucosamine and non-reducing terminalβ1,3-linked galactose residues, and indicates that it contains theO-glycan Core 2 trisaccharide structure GlcNAcβ1-6(Gal, B-3)GalNAc.Compared to healthy lung tissue specimens, the mass spectrum of thesialylated glycan fraction from the same tumor contained a significantlyincreased amount of a signal that can be assigned to a sialylatedcounterpart of the neutral trisaccharide described above, namely at m/z876.27 for NeuAc₁Hex₁HexNAc₂ (calc. m/z 876.31 for the ion [M−H]⁻). Thedata indicates that this glycan signal corresponds to the sialylatedform of the Core 2 O-glycan epitope detected among the neutral glycansfrom the same specimen, i.e. GlcNAcβ1-6(Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-3)GalNAc.

By the action of S. pneumoniae β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, the peak atm/z 1485.61 in the non-sialylated glycan fraction of the same sample,corresponding to Hex₃HexNAc₄Fuc₁ (calc. m/z 1485.53), was transformedinto the peak at m/z 1079.16, corresponding to Hex₃HexNAc₂Fuc, (calc.m/z 1079.38), and the peak at m/z 1647.67, corresponding toHex₄HexNAc₄Fuc, (calc. m/z 1647.59), was transformed into the peak atm/z 1444.24, corresponding to Hex₄HexNAc₃Fuc, (calc. m/z 1444.51), whichindicates that the corresponding glycans contain 2 and 1 non-reducingterminal β-N-acetylglucosamine residues, respectively. By the combinedaction of S. pneumoniae β1,4-galactosidase and recombinantβ1,3-galactosidase, both the peaks at m/z 1647.67 and m/z 1809.72, thelatter corresponding to Hex₅HexNAc₄Fuc₁ (calc. m/z 1809.64), wereconverted into the peak at m/z 1485.48, which indicates that thecorresponding glycans contained non-reducing terminal β-galactoseresidues in N-acetyllactosamine terminal structures. Taken together, theglycan signals at m/z 1485.61, 1647.67, and 1809.72 represent a seriesof differently galactosylated glycan species. The galactosylation degreecalculated from these three signals in the present tumor sample is 24%,which is significantly below the average 33% of the tumor samples fromthe group of 7 lung cancer patients described above. Furthermore, thesimultaneous presence of the Hex₁HexNAc₂ and NeuAc₁Hex₁HexNAc₂ terminalβ-N-acetylglucosamine residue-containing glycans in the present tumorsample indicates that there is a general decrease in galactosylation ofnon-reducing terminal β-N-acetylglucosamine residues in theprotein-linked glycans of the particular tumor sample.

Example 13 Protein and Water Solution-Compatible Conjugation Reagents

Preparation of UDP-GalN-PEG-Fluorescein.

In 100 μl total reaction volume, 5 nmol uridine diphosphogalactosamine(UDP-GalN), 500 nmol fluorescein-poly(ethylene glycol)-NHS (MW 5000,Nektar Therapeutics, USA), and 500 nmolO-Benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-bis(tetramethylene)uroniumhexafluorophosphate (Aldrich, USA), were incubated in ethyleneglycol-dimethylformamide (1:1, v/v) containing 55 mMN-ethyldiisopropylamine, at room temperature for 60 hours. The reactionmixture was gel filtrated in a Superdex Peptide HR 10/30 column(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) at 1 ml/min flow rate in 250 mM NH₄HCO₃ andthe effluent was monitored with the UV detector at 214 nm, 261 nm, and460 nm. Material eluted between 8 and 10 minutes, coeluting with thefluorescein-PEG starting material, was collected and dried. Anionexchange chromatography was performed on a Resource Q 1 ml column(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) using H₂O-NaCl gradient. UV absorption at214 nm, 261 nm, and 460 nm was monitored. Unbound material thatcontained the fluorescein-PEG starting material was discarded and thematerial eluting between 10 and 40 mM NaCl concentrations was collected.The fractions were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS with a Voyager-DE STRBioSpectrometry Workstation in positive ion delayed extraction linearmode using 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) as the matrix. Massspectrometry revealed that polyethylene glycol derivatives werepresented in both fractions. Also UV absorption at 460 nm indicated thatfluorescein was present in the both fractions. Taken together, thesynthetized UDP-GalN-PEG-fluorescein (FIG. 9) was efficiently purifiedduring the two chromatography steps.

Enzyme Reactions.

Formalin-fixed and parafin-embedded tissue sections from human non-smallcell lung adenocarcinoma tumor tissue, were deparaffinised and coveredwith incubation mixture containing UDP-GalN-PEG-fluorescein as a sugardonor, 20 mM MnCl₂, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, and a mutantgalactosyltransferase enzyme similar to the one described byRamakrishnan and Qasba (2002). A negative control reaction contained thesame incubation mixture without the enzyme. Reactions were incubated at37° C. for 20 hours, after which the tissue sections were washed withwater. The fluorescent samples were analyzed by Olympus AX70 Provisfluorescence microscope. After the reaction, the samples showed clearpositive cells at wavelengths 460-490 nm (FITC) within the tumor tissue(FIG. 10.E). The fluorescence was in the cytoplasm as well as in themembrane on the positive cells (FIG. 10.C). However, the control samplesremained negative (FIG. 10.A) showing only some autofluorescence (FIG.10.B). However, the samples analyzed at wavelengths 530-550 nm werenegative, indicating that the positive results were not due toautofluorescence (FIG. 10.D, 10.F). In conclusion, this exampledescribed how the enzyme catalysed the ex vivo transfer ofGalN-PEG-fluorescein groups from UDP-GalN-PEG-fluorescein tonon-reducing terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues present inglycoprotein glycans of human tumor cells and tumor tissue sections.

Preparation and Use of Various Conjugation Reagents

In different reactions, carboxylic acid reagents that were successfullyincorporated to the 2-amino group of uridine diphosphogalactosaminethrough amidation, included S-acetyl-3-mercaptopropionic acid,4-mercaptobutyric acid, Boc-2-aminooxyacetic acid, andN-maleimido-6-aminohexanoic acid, which are suitable forprotein-compatible water-solution coupling of N-maleimido, aldehyde, andthiol group containing reagents or biologically active substances,respectively. The 3-mercaptopropionic acid conjugate was primarilyproduced as acetate protected form and the 2-aminooxyacetic acidconjugate as t-Boc protected form, and the protective groups can becompletely removed by incubation in mild alkaline aqueous solution ortrifluoroacetic acid, respectively. After purification, the structuresof the conjugation reagents were confirmed by MALDI-TOF massspectrometry and found to contain the desired functional groups attachedto the galactosamine residue. In test reactions, the reagents wereincubated in aqueous solution with a non-reducing terminalN-acetylglucosamine containing glycoconjugate and a modifiedgalactosyltransferase enzyme similar to the one described byRamakrishnan and Qasba (2002), which resulted in the successful transferof conjugation reagent-modified galactosamine residues to theglycoconjugates, evidenced by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as a massincrease of the acceptor glycoconjugate, equivalent to thegalactosamine-reagent conjugate (mass spectra not shown).

Example 14 Increased Levels of Specific Antibodies Against Non-ReducingTerminal N-Acetylglucosamine Containing Glycoconjugates in Serum ofCancer Patients

A group of four people with various stages of diagnosed cancer of thegastrointestinal tract or the ovary, was studied by analyzing serumsamples for their concentrations of IgG and IgM antibodies againstspecific carbohydrate epitopes. The assay consisted of binding ofspecific antibodies from serum to synthetic glycoconjugates, washing,and then detecting the specifically bound antibody levels in ELISA withenzyme-labelled anti-human IgG or anti-human IgM secondary antibodiesand quantitation of specific reaction products. The obtained results aredepicted in Table 2. Both IgG and IgM levels against a non-reducingterminal N-acetylglucosamine containing N-glycan were elevated in onepatient. Antibody levels against the Core 2 trisaccharideGlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAc were elevated in the whole patient group, butthe specific antibody response varied: in one patient both IgG and IgMlevels were elevated, in one patient mainly IgG, and in two patientsmainly IgM. Antibody response against the GlcNAcβ1-3GalNAc disaccharideshowed an identical pattern of antibody type response in the patientgroup. Two patients showed elevated serum levels of mainly IgM and onepatient mainly IgG antibodies against an O-glycosidic β-GlcNAc epitope.TABLE 2 Specific antibody responses against carbohydrate epitopesexpressed as antibody signal intensities from which the assay backgroundhas been subtracted. Saccharide 1 2 3 4 5 Patient 1 0 0 0.039 0 0.017IgG Patient 1 0 0.259 0.091 0.159 0.125 IgM Patient 2 0 0.022 0.0780.082 0.094 IgG Patient 2 0 0.079 0.008 0.029 0.041 IgM Patient 3 0.0060 0 0.013 0 IgG Patient 3 0.01 0.1 0.068 0.122 0.011 IgM Patient 4 0 0 00 0 IgG Patient 4 0 0.463 0.042 0 0.056 IgMSaccharide 1:GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-6(GlcNAcβ1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-6)GlcNAcβ-N-Asn-R,Saccharide 2: positive cancer-associated saccharide,Saccharide 3: GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAcα-O—CH₂—R,Saccharide 4: GlcNAcβ-O—CH₂—R,Saccharide 5: GlcNAcβ1-3GalNAcα-O—CH₂—R.R: variable linker.

Example 15

Activity of β1,4-Galactosyltransferase in Human Serum and Activation ofAdded β1,4-Galactosvsyltransferase Under Various Reaction Conditions

Fresh human blood sample was collected from blood group B-individual (5ml). After clotting for 30 min it was centrifuged at +4° C., 2000 rpmfor 25 minutes, and the serum was collected for experiments (2 ml,stored on ice).

Reactions were performed with 50 nmol of acceptor saccharide(GlcNAcβl-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc, from enzymatic synthesis, purified by ionexhange and gel filtration, characterized by NM and mass spectrometry),5 mmol UDP-[¹⁴C]Gal (mixture of nonlabelled and radioactive,radioactivity was 100 000 cpm) and 20 μl of fresh human serum (totalvolume was 20 μl). Reaction conditions were varied by adding cations andbovine milk p 1,4-galactosyltransferase (β1,4GalT).

Results

By adding 2 mU of β1,4GalT alone showed clear galactosyltransferaseactivity, purified galactosylated tetrasaccharide sample had 534 cpm(Table 3). The backround is likely radioactive Gal released from donorsubstrate. Adding 0.1 mM Zn²⁺ to reaction mixture doubled the productformation. Further addition of 4 mM MgCl₂, and 2 mM CaCl₂ increasedadditionally the amount of product.

Similar increasing in product formation was with Mn²⁺-addition, butwithout external β1,4GalT, other salts used in the experiment did notactivate the endogenous galactosyltransferase activity of human serum.Also MnCl₂ at lower concentration than 5 mM was able to activate theendogenous enzyme in the biological solution (not shown). Notable isalso that background was lower with Mn²⁺ and Zn²⁺ together withfosforylcholine. Fosforylcholine may inhibit enzyme activities of serumwhich degradate the donor nucleotide. TABLE 3 Changes in reactionmixture Product (cpm) Background (cpm) No salt, 2 mU β1, 4GalT 534 51040.1 mM ZnCl₂, 2 mU β1, 4GalT 1022 4446 0.1 mM ZnCl₂, 2 mU β1, 4GalT, 4mM MgCl₂, 1292 4546 2 mM CaCl₂ 0.1 mM ZnCl₂, 1 mM fosforylcholine 8722552 2 mU β1, 4GalT 5 mM MnCl₂ 566 1079 1 mM MnCl₂ 1073 2068 0.2 mMMnCl₂ 457 4578

Example 16

a) The oligosaccharide structure GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glc isreceptor for the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. The structure ischanged to 10-fold weaker receptor structureGal34GlcNAcα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glc by incubating it with UDP-Gal andβ4-galactosyltransferase from bovine milk.

b) The oligosaccharide receptor GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glc isincubated with GDP-Fuc and soluble human fucosyltransferase VIcorresponding to major the fucosyltransferase from human milk. MALDI-TOFmass spectrometric analysis reveled a major peak corresponding toGlcNAcβ3Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glc, the structure is confimed byNMR-spectroscopy.

c) Erythrocytes from a patient suffering from glycosylation deficiencycausing high levels of terminal GlcNAc-structures includingGlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcβCer are incubated with radiolabeled UDP-Gal andβgalactosyltransferase. Transfer of labeled galactose on the cellsurface is observed. The galactosylation of the cells reduces thereactivity of the cells with anti-GlcNAc-antibodies.

REFERENCES

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1-86. (canceled)
 87. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a substancebinding to a human tumor specific oligosaccharide sequence containing aterminal protein linked GlcNAcβ-structure or a terminal protein linkedGlcNAcβ-glycan-structure for the treatment of a human cancer.
 88. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 87, wherein said humancancer is a human tumor and said human tumor specific oligosaccharidesequence is expressed on the cell surface or tissue surface of saidhuman tumor.
 89. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 87,wherein said substance is a human antibody, humanized antibody, orglycosyltransferase enzyme.
 90. The pharmaceutical composition accordingto claim 88, wherein said human tumor is diagnosed to express elevatedlysaid human tumor specific oligosaccharide sequence when compared topatient's normal tissue.
 91. The pharmaceutical composition according toclaim 87, wherein said oligosaccharide sequence has the sequenceaccording to Formula[GlcNAcβx/Galβ3]_(si)(GlcNAcβ1-6)_(s2)Sacch wherein x is 3, when Sacchis GalNAc; or x is 2, when Sacch is Man; and wherein s1 and s2 areindependently 0 or 1 with the proviso that there is at least oneterminal GlcNAc; the structure is branched, when both s1 and s2 are 1;Sacch is GalNAc with the provision that it is not α6-linked to anotherGalNAc; Sacch is GlcNAcβwith the proviso that s1 and s2 is 0 and saidGlcNAcβis linked to a protein or peptide; [GlcNAcβx/Galβ3] means thatterminal residue is either GlcNAcβx or Galβ3.
 92. The pharmaceuticalcomposition according to claim 87, wherein said substance binding tosaid oligosaccharide sequence is specific to one or several of theterminal oligosaccharide sequences of a N-glycan type structureaccording to Formula[GNβ2Man]_(r1)α3([GNβ2Man]_(r2)α6){Man[β4GN[β4(Fucα6)_(r3)GN]_(r4)]_(r5)}_(r6)  (I)wherein r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, and r6 are either 0 or 1 with the provisothat at least r1 is 1 or r2 is 1; GN is GlcNAc, with the proviso thatwhen both r1 and r2 are 1, one GNβMan can be further elongated with oneor several other monosaccharide residues, and one GNβ2Man can betruncated to Man, and Manα6 residue and/or Manα3 residue(s) can befurther substituted by GNβ6 or GNβ4, and Manβ4 can be furthersubstituted by GNβ4.
 93. The pharmaceutical composition according toclaim 92, wherein said substance binding to said oligosaccharidesequence is specific to one or several of the terminal oligosaccharidesequences of a N-glycan type structure according to Formula[GNβ2Man]_(r1)α3([GNβ2Man]_(r2)α6){Man[β4GN]_(r5)}r6  (II) wherein r1,r2, r5, and r6 are either 0 or 1, with the proviso that at least r1 is 1or r2 is 1; GN is GlcNAc, with the proviso that when both r1 and r2 are1, one GNβMan can be further elongated with one or several othermonosaccharide residues, and one GNβ2Man can be truncated to Man, andManα6 residue and/or Manα3 residue can be further substituted by GN06 orGNβ4, and Manβ4 can be further substituted by GNβ4.
 94. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 92, wherein saidoligosaccharide sequence is GlcNAcβ2Man,GlcNAcβ2Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Man,GlcNAcβ2Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAc,GlcNAcβ2Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc,GlcNAcβ2Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4(Fucα6)GlcNAc,GlcNAcβ2Manα3(Manα6)Man, GlcNAcβ2Manα3(Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAc,GlcNAcβ2Manα3(Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc,GlcNAcβ2Manα3(Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4(Fucα6)GlcNAc, Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Man,Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAc,Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc,Manα3(GlcNAcβ2Manα6)Manβ4GlcNAcβ4(Fucα6)GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ2Manα3Man,GlcNAcβ2Manα3Manβ4GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ2Manα3Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc,GlcNAcβ2Manα3Manα4GlcNAcβ4(Fucα6)GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ2Manα6Man,GlcNAcβ2Manα6Manβ4GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ2Manα6Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc, orGlcNAcβ2Manα6Manβ4GlcNAcβ4(Fucα6)GlcNAc
 95. The pharmaceuticalcomposition according to claim 91, wherein said substance binding tosaid oligosaccharide sequence is specific to one or several of theterminal oligosaccharide sequences of an O-glycan type structureaccording to Formula[GlcNAcβ3]_(s1)[Galβ3]_(s2)(GlcNAcβ6)_(s5)GalNAc wherein s1, s2 and s5are independently 0 or 1, so that the oligosaccharide sequence comprisesat least one nonreducing end terminal GlcNAcβ-residue.
 96. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 95, wherein saidoligosaccharide sequence is protein linked GlcNAc or a derivativethereof.
 97. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 95,wherein said oligosaccharide sequence isGlcNAcβ3Galβ3(Galβ4GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc, GlcNAcβ3Galβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc,GlcNAcβ3Galβ3GalNAc, Galβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc, GlcNAcβ3(GlcNAcβ6)GalNAc,GlcNAcβ6GalNAc, or GlcNAcβ3GalNAc
 98. The pharmaceutical compositionaccording to claim 87 further comprising a substance binding to one orseveral of the following terminal oligosaccharide sequences:GlcNAcβ3Gal, GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc, GlcNAcβ6Gal, GlcNAcβ6Galβ4GlcNAcGlcNAcβ3(GlcNAcβ6)Gal, and GlcNAcβ3(GlcNAcβ6)Galβ4GlcNAc saidcomposition being for the treatment of lung, larynx, colon, gastric orovarian cancer.
 99. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim87, wherein said oligosaccharide sequence is linked by an unnaturalglycosidic linkage to other monosaccharide or oligosaccharidestructures.
 100. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 87,wherein said substance binding to said oligosaccharide sequence is anaptamer, a peptide or a protein.
 101. The pharmaceutical compositionaccording to claim 100, wherein said protein is an antibody, a lectin,or a fragment thereof.
 102. The pharmaceutical composition according toclaim 100, wherein said protein is an enzyme recognizing the terminalGlcNAc-structures.
 103. The pharmaceutical composition according toclaim 87 comprising a polyvalent conjugate of said oligosaccharidesequence wherein position CI of the reducing end terminal of theoligosaccharide sequence (OS) comprising the tumor specific terminalsequence of the invention is linked (-L-) to an oligovalent or apolyvalent carrier (Z), via a spacer group (Y), forming the followingstructure[OS—(X)_(n)-L-Y]_(m)—Z where integer m have values m>1 and n isindependently 0 or 1; L can be oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or a carbonatom; X can be lactosyl-, galactosyl-, poly-N-acetyl-lactosaminyl, orpart of an O-glycan or an N-glycan oligosaccharide sequence, Y is aspacer group, a terminal conjugate or a linkage to Z.
 104. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 87 comprising apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or an adjuvant.
 105. Use of asubstance binding to a human tumor specific oligosaccharide sequencecontaining a terminal protein linked GlcNAcβ-structure or a terminalprotein linked GlcNAcβ-glycan-structure for the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of human cancer.
 106. A method fordiagnosing cancer or tumor in a biological sample taken from a humanpatient, the method comprising determining the presence in said sampleof an oligosaccharide sequence which comprises a tumor specific terminalprotein linked GlcNAcβ-structure or a terminal protein linkedGlcNAcβ-glycan-structure.
 107. The method according to claim 106 whereinthe determination comprises (a) contacting said biological sample with asubstance binding to said oligosaccharide sequence, and determining thepresence of a combination of said substance and said sample, thepresence of said combination being an indication of cancer present insaid sample, or (b) releasing the oligosaccharide structures of saidbiological sample by enzymatic or chemical methods to form a fractioncontaining free oligosaccharide structures from said sample, anddetermining the presence of said oligosaccharide sequence in saidfraction, the presence of said oligosaccharide sequence in said fractionbeing an indication of cancer present in said sample.
 108. The methodaccording to claim 106, wherein said oligosaccharide sequence is aterminal oligosaccharide sequence as defined in claim
 91. 109. Themethod according to claim 106, wherein said cancer is a tumor.
 110. Themethod according to claim 106, wherein a cancer or tumor type isdetermined.
 111. The method according to claim 106, wherein normalglycosylation of the tissue containing the cancer is determined. 112.The method according to claim 106, wherein the glycosylations aredetermined on the surface of cancer or normal tissue
 113. Diagnosticagent comprising a substance binding to a human tumor specificoligosaccharide sequence containing a terminal protein linkedGlcNAcβ-structure or a terminal protein linked GlcNAcβ-glycan-structurefor the diagnosis of human cancer or cancer type.
 114. Antigenicsubstance comprising a terminal protein linked GlcNAcβ-structure or aterminal protein linked GlcNAcβ-glycan-structure in a chemically orbiochemically synthezised polyvalent form.
 115. Use of the antigenicsubstance according to claim 114 or analogs or derivatives thereof toproduce polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies.
 116. Use of the antigenicsubstance according to claim 114 or analogs or derivatives thereof forthe purification of antibodies from human serum.
 117. Use of theantigenic substance according to claim 114 or analogs or derivativesthereof for the detection and/or quantitation of antibodies.
 118. Acancer vaccine comprising oligosaccharide sequences containing aterminal protein linked GlcNAcβ-structure or a terminal protein linkedGlcNAcβ-glycan-structure or analogs or derivatives thereof.
 119. Thecancer vaccine according to claim 118 comprising a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier and/or an adjuvant.
 120. A substance binding to aterminal protein linked GlcNAcβ-structure or a terminal protein linkedGlcNAcβ-glycan-structure for the treatment of a human cancer, whereinsaid substance is an aptamer, human natural or humanized antibody orpeptide.
 121. A method for identifying cancer or tumor specifictherapeutics or diagnostic agents comprising the steps of contacting acompound with a terminal protein linked GlcNAcβ-structure or a terminalprotein linked GlcNAcβ-glycan-structure and determining binding to saidoligosaccharide sequence by said compound.
 122. A human anti-GlcNAcantibody obtainable by: passing human serum sample through a columncontaining immobilized terminal GlcNAcβepitopes; washing the column;eluting the column with a buffer containing high concentration ofGlcNAc; and collecting the antibody.
 123. A functional food or foodadditive containing antibodies recognizing a terminal protein linkedGlcNAcβ-structure or a terminal protein linked GlcNAcβ-glycan-structurefor the treatment of human cancer or tumor.
 124. A functional foodaccording to claim 123, wherein said antibody is produced in milk or inhen eggs.
 125. The antibody according to claim 122, wherein saidantibody recognizes oligosaccharide sequence GlcNAcβ6GalNAcα-O—CH2-R,GlcNAcβ6(Galβ3)GalNAcα-O—CH2-R, GlcNAcβ2Man or GlcNAcβ-O—CH2-R orGlcNAcβ3GalNAcα-O—CH2.
 126. Method of treatment or diagnosis of canceror tumor comprising transferring a modified monosaccharide derivative tocancer cells or tumor by a glycosyl transferase or a transglycosylateenzyme.
 127. The method according to claim 126 wherein said modifiedmonosaccharide derivative is a terminal protein linked GlcNAcβ-structureor a terminal protein linked GlcNAcβ-glycan-structure.
 128. The methodaccording to claim 126 wherein said modified monosaccharide derivativeis according to the formulaUDP-GalN[—S]-D, wherein S is an optional spacer group D is derivatizinggroup including molecular labels such as for example biotin or afluorecent molecule including, or a toxic agent, prodrug or prodrugreleasing substance.
 129. The method according to claim 12 wherein themodified monosaccharide is UDP-GalN-spacer-biotin orUDβ-N-(6-biotinamidohexanoyl)galactosamine.
 130. The method according toclaim 126 wherein the modified monosaccharide is transferred by agalactosyltransferase which is engineered to transfer effectively2-modified monosaccharides or a natural GalNAc/GlcNAc-transferase withsimilar specificity with the said modified galactosyltrasferase fromanimals.
 131. The method according to claim 126 wherein said modifiedmonosaccharide derivative is transferred to cell or tissue.
 132. Acomposition comprising an enzyme substrate, capable of being transferredspecifically to a surface of a pathogenic entity or malignant cell ortissue by a transferring enzyme making a covalent linkage between saidenzyme substrate and an acceptor structure of said surface for use as amedicine.
 133. The composition according to claim 132, wherein saidenzyme substrate is conjugated to an immunologically active substanceand/or a toxic substance
 134. The composition according to claim 132,wherein said enzyme substrate is a carbohydrate substance capable ofbeing transferred specifically to the surface of a pathogenic entity ormalignant cell or tissue by the transferring enzyme.
 135. Thecomposition according to claim 132, wherein said transferring enzyme isa glycosyl transferase or a transglycosylate enzyme.